3)严寒的
•
•
a bitter winter 寒冷的冬天 bitterness n．苦味，酸辛，苦难
谁和我同甘共苦呢？ Who goes through the happiness and bitterness with me?
1. My old friend, Harrison, had lived in the Mediterranean for many years before he returned to England.
瑞雪兆丰年
Why did Harrison sell his house so quickly?
1. except
prep.
除了，除了…外
• Except a broken chair, the room has no furniture. • 除了一把破椅子，这间房子里什么也没有。（chair与 furniture性质相同） • except for 除…之外 • Except for a broken chair, the room is empty. • 除了一把破椅子外，这间房子是空的。(except for 没有“所 指项目类别”的限制) • except that • I know nothing about his career except that he is a graduate of Oxford University.
except 表示“除……外，(其余都)……”指同一类事物的总体中除 去一部分。
• but prep. 除…之外 ( 与no, nobody, all, anywhere等连用） • Nobody knew her name but me. 除了我之外，没人知道她的名字。 • They were all there on time but the chairman. 除了主席外，其余人都按时到了。
Here are some proverbs,guess the right meaning.
It's rianing cats and dogs. 下得倾盆大雨
A misty morning may have a fine day. 早晨有雾露，可能是晴天。
Let us have a test
A good winter brings a good summer
4. Almost immediately he began to complain about the weather, for even though it was still summer, it rained continually and it was often bitterly cold.
比较这么两个句子：
He walks as if he is drunk.（表示从他的走路姿势来 判断，他是醉了。） He walks as if he were drunk.（表示他根本没有喝酒， 这里只是一个假设）
所以，课文中“as if he had never lived in England before”用的就是虚拟式，所以使用了“have never lived”的过去式“had never lived”。表示Harrison其 实以前是住在英国的。
• but 强调未被排除的其他事物（人） • except 强调所排除之人（事物）
2. complain
vt. 抱怨，控诉（常与that从句连用）
• 1)（常做贬义）抱怨，投诉，发牢骚 • complain to sb about/at sth 对某人抱怨某事 • 抱怨这个恶劣的天气 complain about the terrible weather • 你总是抱怨命运！ You are always complaining about your fate! • complain of...诉说（病，痛等） complain of a toothache 牙疼 • 2)（正式地）投诉 • 洒吧问噪音人人，我们向警方投诉。 We complained to the police about the noise from the e bar.
He had planned to settle down in the country
.b) 在表示“乡村，乡下”的意思时，countryside与country相同，但 countryside强调景色；另外，如果没有明确的上下文，选用 countryside 更稳妥： The countryside around Vienna is very beautiful. I sat in the front of the bus to get a good view
4. bitterly
•
adv. 严寒地，刺骨地，痛苦地
•
• • •
•
他极度的失望。 He was bitterly disappointed． 刺骨的寒冷 be bitterly cold
bitter adj.
1)苦味的
a bitter taste 一种苦的味道
2)痛苦的，令人悲伤的
a bitter experience 痛苦的经历
• 它们可以引导倒装，把助动词提到主语前： Hardly had I started my supper when I heard a knock on the door. No sooner Had I started my supper than I heard a knock on the door.
As is know to all ,a typical English gentleman usually takes an umbrella with him. Similarly,when people there meet others,they usually begin with the weather .
3. He had no sooner returned than he bought a house and went to live there. • • • • • • • • • • no sooner...than... 一…就… as soon as 一…就… hardly…when 几乎未来得及…就… 主 + had no sooner done + than + 一般过去时的句子 主 + had hardly done + when + 一般过去时的句子 我刚一到家就下雨了。 他一见到她就爱上她了。 他一到北京就病倒了。 我刚一回来他又让我去出差。 我们刚一开始就被告诉停下来。
2. He had often dreamed of retiring in England and had planned to settle down in the country. dream of 表示“梦想、幻想、向往”。
他一直梦想着成为一名诗人。
He has always dreamed of becoming a poem.
在14课的语法中，介绍了和“过去完成时”连用的 一些介词，比如：after，as soon as，not…until…， 而这课的语法重点也是“过去完成时”。在这个句 子中，使用了before来和“过去完成时”连用，表 达“过去的过去”概念。 “he returned to England”已经是“过去”了，那 么before这个“过去”的话，就是“过去的过去” 了。
3. continually
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
adv. 频繁地，屡次地，反复地
• 我一再地遗遗失东西。 I am continually losing things． • 他一再地迟到。 He was continually late for work． • continuously 连续不断地，不间断地 • 他们整整唠叨一小时了。 They chattered continuously for an hour. • continual指“一段时间内多次发生，时断时续，中断时间很短 而又接连发生” • 你需要持续的锻炼。 You need continual practice． • continuous指“中间没有间断，但持续某段时间后可能会停下 来” • 这架飞机能持续飞行两大。 The plane is capable of two day continuous night.
6.He acted as if he had never lived in England before.
• as if “像…一样”。常用来引导表示方式的状语从句。 as if也可以用as though代替，意思是一样的。 在用法上，as if/as though后面句子的时态有两种，一 种是陈述式。一种是虚拟式（一般是在陈述式基础上将 助动词变成过去式形式。） • as if/as though后面的句子如果是陈述式的话，表示从 某种迹象看，所表达的事情是真实的，或是可能发生的。 比如： • It looks as if it’s going to rain.看上去天好象要下雨。 • as if/as though后面的句子如果是虚拟式的话，所表达 的事情是不真实的或与已知事实相反的。比如： • She acted as if she were mad.（她并没有真正的疯）
• complain about & complain of： complain about 多用于对你不满意的事情“抱怨” complain of 多用于“由于生病或是身体某一部分不适、 疼痛”的抱怨。 • for在这里为连词，意思是“因为”。它与because 不同，不能用于句首。 • even though引导的是让步状语从句，表示“即使”、 “虽然”。也可以写为“though”，不过even though语气要强多了。 • continually表示“反复的”、“常常的”，中间有短 暂的间歇，常用来修饰不好的或令人讨厌的事情：