歧义 • unlockable unlock+able un+lockable
– Root（词根） – basic word forms that can stand alone - cannot be analyzed into smaller parts antidisestablishmentarianism – Stem（词干） – teachers
英语形位分类图
形位 自由形位 (boy) 依附形位 (-ish)
屈折形位 (-ed)
派生形位 (-ness)
形位和语素
• 形位(morpheme)是抽象的语言单位， 在语言使用过程中，可分别兑现成音 素实体 (phonetic substance) 和文字 实体 (orthographic substance)，形 成可感知的语素 (morph)。
形位和语素 • {-s}, {复数} books beds bushes
• 语音层面： {-s} → [s], [z], [iz] 拼写层面： {-s} → -s, -es
形位的界定
• 同一分布位置 • 意义一致 • 多次出现 -ness: sadness, happiness, rudeness -re centre, cadre, reconnoitre
- The friends promised to inquire carefully about
形位的类型 • 自由形位 (free morpheme) • 依附形位 (bound morpheme)
The friend-s promis-ed to inquire care-ful-ly about a school-master for the fair Bianca.
形位的类型
• 内容形位（content morpheme，lexical morpheme) promise, friend, fair, Bianca school-master • 功能形位（function morpheme， grmmatical morpheme） -s, -ed, -ly a, an, the, this, that to, about, for
构词的层级结构
Inflecti onal Affix
Der ivationa l Affix
ROOT
STEM
Der ivationa l Aff结构
• 同一派生形位往往依附在特定词性的词 根上。 • adjustable, breakable, comparable, debatable • (* preexist, predawn, prehistoric)
词缀（affix)
• Affix: The general term for morphemes attached to a word.
• 四种词缀 Prefix (前缀） Infix （中缀） Suffix （后缀） Circumfix （环缀）
前缀
• English: in+, dis+, un+, etc. in+ability dis+ability in+consistent dis+member in+sufficient dis+place
• Zapotec: ka+ zigi "chin" zike "shoulder” diaga "ear" un+able un+tangle un+happy
ka+zigi ka+zige ka+diaga
"chins" "shoulders" "ears"
中缀
Tagalog: +um+
• bili "buy“ • sulat "write" • kuha "take” b+um+ili "to buy" s+um+ulat "to write" k+um+uha "to take”
后缀
English: +ment, +ly, +stance
judg+ment establish+ment abandon+ment brief+ly happi+ly angri+ly happen+stance circum+stance
环缀
Chickasaw: ik+…+o
• chokma "he is good” • lakna "it is yellow” • palli "it is hot” • tiwwi "he opens (it)” ik+chokm+o "he isn't good" ik+lakn+o "it isn't yellow" ik+pall+o "it isn't hot” ik+tiww+o "he doesn't open (it)"
形态学 (morphology) • 通过分析形位的性质、形位兑现成语素 的规律以及语素组合成词的状态来解析 词的内部结构。
形位 (morpheme)
• 形位(morpheme):最小的携带意义的语言单位
a schoolmaster for the fair Bianca. - compounds: jack-in-the-box looking glass girlfriend - The friend-s promis-ed to inquire care-ful-ly about a school-master for the fair Bianca.
依附形位的类型
-- 派生形位 (derivational morpheme)
(countable, reproduce) -- 屈折形位 (inflectional morpheme) (promised, friends)
英语的屈折形位
-s
third person singular present -ed past tense -ing progressive -en past participle -s plural -’s possessive -er comparative -est superlative