罗森财政学复习资料（双语版）Unified budget:The document which itemizes all the federal government’s expenditures and revenues.统一预算：联邦政府在一种文件中将其支出逐项列出的文件Regulatory budget: an annual statement of the costs imposed on the economy by government regulations管制预算：政府管制对经济产生的成本Entitlement programs: programs whose expenditures are determined by the number of people who qualify ,rather than preset budget allocations.公民权利性计划：（是指有关社会保障、公共福利计划、农产品价格维持等法律规定受益人和收益数额的政府支出项目）项目的成本不是由固定的美元数额来决定，而是由符合条件的人的数量决定。
Substitution effect :the tendency of an individual to consume more of one good and less of another because of a decrease in the price of the former relative to the latter.替代效应：是指一种商品价格的变化所引起的使消费者调整该种商品与其他商品需求量比例的效应。
Income effect : the effect of a price change the quantity demanded due exclusively to the fact that the consmer’s income has changed收入效应：收入效应指由商品的价格变动所引起的实际收入水平变动，进而由实际收入水平变动所引起的商品需求量的变动。
Welfare economics: the branch of economic theory concerned with the social desirability of alternative economic states. 福利经济学：研究各种经济状态的社会合意性的经济理论的一个分支Pareto efficient : an allocation of resource such that no person can be made better off without making another person worse off.帕累托效率：要使一个人的境况变好，唯一的办法就是使另一个人的境况变坏Pareto improvement: a reallocation of resources that makes at least one person better off without making anyone else worse off.对在不使其他任何人境况变坏的情况下使某人的境况变好的资源进行重新配置Pure public good : a commodity that is nonrival and nonexcludable in consumption.纯公共物品：指既没有排他性有没有竞争性的产品和服务Privatization ：the process of turning services that are supplied by the government over to the private sector for provision and production私有化：把由政府提供的服务交给私人部门去提供和生产Commodity egalitarianism : the idea that some commodities ought to be made available to everybody商品平均主义：要求某些商品人人有份Externality: an activity of one entity that affects the welfare of another entity in a way that is outside the market mechanism外部性：当某一实体的活动以市场机制之外的某种方式直接影响他人的福利时，这种影响称为外部性Coase theorem : provided that transaction costs are negligible ,an efficient solution to an externality problem is achieved as long as someone is assigned property rights independent of who is assigned those rights.科斯定理：认为只要财产权是明确的，并且其交易成本为零或很小，则无论在开始时财产权的配置是怎样的，市场均衡的最终结果都是有效率的理论。
Emissions fee（排污费）: a tax levied on each unit of pollutionCost effective : a policy that achieves a given amount of pollution reduction at the lowest cost possible成本有效：一种以可能的最低成本实现的结果Cap-and-trade(总量控制与交易制度) : a policy of granting permits to pollute , with the number of permits set at the desired pollution level ,and allowing polluters to trade the permits .Incentive-based regulations(激励型管制) : policies that provide polluters with financial incentives to reduce pollutionCommand-and-control regulations（命令控制型管制）: policies that require a given amount of pollution reduction with limited or no flexibility with respect to how it may be achieved .Crowd out（排挤）: when public provision of a good substitutes for private provision of the good . in the presence of crowd out , when the government increases public education ,the net change in the amount of education is less than the amount provided by the government.Charter schools : public school that operate under special state government charters. Within limits established by their charters , these schools can experiment with a variety of approaches to education and gave some independence in making spending and hiring decisions.特许学校：特许学校属于公立学校，它们在政府特许的情况下，按国家标准办学，但教学有自由，在开支和雇佣方面也有一定的独立性。
School voucher : a voucher given to a family to help the family pay for tuition at any qualified school . the school redeems the voucher for cash .教育券：教育券是指政府把教育经费折算成一定数额的有价证券发给每位学生Social insurance programs（社会保险）: government programs that provide insurance to protect against adverse eventsInsurance premium（保险费）: money paid to an insurance company in exchange for a guarantee of compensation given a specified adverse event.Risk aversion（风险厌恶）: a preference for paying more than the actuarially fair premium in order to guarantee compensation if an adverse event occurs .Risk premium（风险溢价）: the amount above the actuarially fair premium that a risk-averse person is willing to pay to guarantee compensation if an adverse event occurs.Asymmetric information（不对称信息）: a situation in which one party engaged in an economic transaction has better information about the good or service traded than the other party.Adverse selection（逆向选择）: the phenomenon under which the uninformed side of a deal gets exactly the wrong people trading with it .由于信息不对称，保险公司得到的客户恰恰是有毛病的人Community rating （团体费率法）: the practice of charging uniform insurance premiums for pelple in different risk categories within a community , thus resulting in low-risk people subsidizing high-risk people.向某一由不同健康风险的个人组成的团体收取统一保费Moral hazard（道德风险）: when obtaining insurance against an adverse outcome leads to changes in behavior that increase the likelihood of the outcome.道德风险指在委托一代理关系中，代理人为了追求自身利益最大化而不惜损害委托人利益的行为Deadweight loss（无谓损失）: the waste that exists when trades occur in which marginal cost exceeds marginal benefit ,or when trades in which marginal benefit exceeds marginal cost do not take place .Third-party payment （第三方支付）: payment for services by someone other than the consumer .是指一些和国内外各大银行签约、并具备一定实力和信誉保障的第三方独立机构提供的交易支持平台Cost-based reimbursement or fee-for-service（按费用补偿制度或一次一付医疗费制度）: a system under which health care providers receive payment for all services required保单对包间提供者的支付都是以治疗病人的实际费用为基础的Managed care（管理保健）: any of a variety of health care arrangements in which prices are kept down by supply-side control of services offered and prices charged从市场的供给面而非需求面入手，即限制利用并降价的做法Capitation-based reimbursement （按人头补偿制）: a system in which health care providers receive annual payments for each patient in their care ,regardless of services actually used by that patient.保健提供者每年按服务的病人得到费用支付，而不管该病人实际接收的而医疗服务是多少Medicare（医疗保险）: federally funded government program that provides health insurance to people aged 65 and over and to the disabled .政府向65岁以上的老人和伤残人提供健康保险Medicaid （医疗补助）: federal – and state- financed health insurance program for the poor医疗补助是对低收入者的最大政府支出计划，为现金福利计划的受益者提供健康保险，由联邦政府和州政府共同管理Catastrophic insurance policy（灾难保单）: an insurance policy that has a high deductible and generous coverage for high medical costs.Fully funded（完全积累制）: a pension system in which an individual’s benefits are paid out deposits that have been made during his or her working life ,plus accumulated interest个人把新进的一定比列存入某种基金，随着时间推移该基金会积累利息，到退休时本金和应计利息用来支付退休金Pay-as-you-go（现收现付制）: a pension system in which benefits paid to current retirees come from payments made by current workers .退休者领取的养老金来自目前正在工作的人的缴款HI : hospital insurance（医院保险）：part A component of medicare that covers inpatient medical care and is founded through a payroll tax参加医院保险是强制的，它覆盖住院病人的医疗保险SMI: supplementary medical insurance（补充医疗保险）：part B component of medicare that covers physician services and medical services rendered outside the hospital and is funded by a monthly premium and by general revenues它对医院之外的医生、医生订购的用品及提供的医疗服务付费，补充医疗保险是资源的，。