1、AALTO，ALVAR（1898——1976）Finish architect and designer. Aalto studied architecture at the Polytechnic in Helsinki from 1918 to 1921. He established himself as an architect in 1923，and his Sanatorium at Paimio (1929——1933）is a classic of International Modern architecture. At the same time he began to design plywood chairs，and in 1935 set up a firm，Artek，to market his simple and successful furniture. Some of his plywood is cantilevered like Bauhaus tubular steel，but clearly softer in finish. His furniture was successful in England and in America and prompted other experiments in that direction，notably by Jack Pritchard. From 1937 he designed glass for Iittala，using asymmetrical shapes and subtle curves. Though part of the International Modern movement，Aalto was always sensitive to brick as a material，and he was one of the gentler exponents Modern forms.阿尔瓦尔，阿尔托（1898——1976）芬兰建筑师和设计者。

阿尔托从1918年到1921年在赫尔辛基理工大学研究建筑学。

在1923年他确立了自己作为一名建筑师，他的休养地在拜米欧1929年到1933年是一所古典的国际型现代建筑。

同时，他开始设计胶合板椅子，在1935年成立了一所阿泰克公司，去销售他的简洁而又成功的家具。

他的胶合板椅子中的一些悬臂式椅子像包豪斯管状钢化的，但是完成之后柔软得像沙发。

他的家具在英国和美国很成功并且引起了在那个方向上其他的试验，尤其是普里查德。

从1937年他为伊塔拉设计玻璃，用不对称的形状和精细的线条。

即使部分国际性现代运动，阿尔托对砖砌的材料总是很敏感，他是温和典型的现代形式之一。

2、GROPUS,Walter (1883---1969)German architect. After studying architecture between 1903 and 1907, he worked for Behrens from 1908 to 1910. His earliest pre-First World War furniture was neoclassical. He was a member of the Deutscher Werkbund and in 1919 succeeded Van de Velde as head of the Weimer School of Arts and Crafts. This became the Bauhaus, first at Weimar and then in 1925 at Dessau, in a new International Modern building designed by Gropius himself. Gropius otherwise designed very little, but as director of the school was a major influence through his selection of staff, for example Moholy—Nagy.沃尔特(1883---1969)德国建筑师。

在1903年和1907年之间研究建筑，他曾在帕萨蒙提工作从1908年到1910年。

他最早的第一家具在世界大战是新古典主义家具。

他是一名德国工艺设计师和在1919年成功范·威尔德学校魏玛的工艺品的负责人。

这成为了包豪斯。

1925年第一次是在魏玛，然后在德绍，在一个格罗佩斯设计的新的国际现代建筑设计。

否则格罗佩斯设计非常小，但总监的学校是一个主要的影响通过选择他的员工，例如纳吉。

3、BEHERENS，PETER（1869——1940）German painter，graphic designer and architect. He was a graphic artist until 1901 when he built his own house at the Darmstadt artists’colony，two years after having been invited there by its patron，the Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig. From 1906 he established the “corporate identity”of AEG，the vast German electrical company，producing architecture，graphics，kettles，fans and clocksfor the firm. In 1907 he became a founder of the Deutscher Werkbund. At one time in 1910 Le Gorbusier，Gropius，and Mies van der Rohe all worked in his office. Behrens has been called a pioneer of Modern design，but this preservation of the traditions of the Renaissance and Schinkel suggest how far he was in fact a classicist.帕萨蒙提（1869——1940）德国画家、平面设计师和建筑师。

他是一个图形的艺术家，直到1901年他建造了自己的房子在达姆施塔特的殖民地上。

两年之后，被邀请在其赞助人，大公恩斯特路德维希。

从1906年他成立了“企业形象”的AEG，巨大的德国电气公司，生产建筑、图形、水壶、球迷和时钟的公司。

1907年，他成为德意志制造联盟的创始人。

年勒，格罗佩斯，密斯凡德罗在1910年都工作在他的办公室工作过，帕萨蒙提被称为现代设计的先驱，但这个保存传统的文艺复兴和Schinkel建议多大程度上他实际上是一个古典学者。

4、RUSKIN，JOHN（1819——1900）British writer and critic. Ruskin was educated privately and at Christ ChurchOxfor，from 1837 to 1842. In 1843 he published the first volume of his Modern Painters，completed in 1860. He became interested in architecture，and the Gothic style in particular，publishing The Seven Lamps of Architecture in 1849 and The Stones of Venice in 1851---1853. He wrote prolifically，and inspired Morris and the Arts and Crafts movement to turn away from industry for aesthetic and social reasons. He dislike railway trains，glass and iron，machine ornament and any decoration which lacked truth to materials，andwrote，for example，about the “Nature of Gothic”in which the beauty of medieval craftsmanship and architecture is equated with the joy experienced in its creation。

Ruskin met Morris in 1857；Mackmurdo studies under him at Oxford in 1873 when Ruskin was Slade Professor of Fine Art（1870---1879）。

He held that post again from 1882 to 1884，and although increasingly arbitrary in his judgements ，and sometimes even insane，he influenced the whole the second half of the nineteenth century. His influence was also felt in America，where Charles Eliot Norton was a friend of his，and“Ruskinian Gothic”architecture began to be produced as early as 1863.约翰·罗斯金（1819——1900）英国作家和评论家。

拉斯金受教育是在私人教育和在基督教堂，oxfor，从1837年到1842年。

他在1843年出版了他的第一部现代画，在1860年完成。

他成了对建筑感兴趣，尤其是哥特式风格，出版七盏灯的建筑在1849年和年威尼斯的石头1851—1853。

他写了权贵，激发了莫里斯艺术和工艺美术运动远离工业美学和社会原因。