(3)汉语句子建立在意念主轴（thought-pivot） 上，英语句子建立在形式主轴（form-pivot ）上. 如： 我常见许多青年朋友，聪明用功，成绩优 异，而语文程度不足以达意，甚至写一封信亦 难以通顺，问其故则曰其兴趣不在语文方面。
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Trans. I have come across a great many bright and dligent young friends who have done exceedingly well in their studies, but are rather weak in Chinese. They cannot even write a letter in correct Chinese. When I asked them why, they said they were not interested in the Chinese language. 1.1.4句子扩展模式 汉语句子：句首开放 英语句子：句尾开放
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在我的后园，可以看见墙外有两株树，一株 是枣树，还有一是株也是枣树。
Trans.:a. Through the window I can see two trees in my backyard. The one is a date tree, the other is also a date tree. b. Behind the wall of my backyard you can see two trees: one is a date tree, the other is also a date tree.
一粥一饭，当思来处不易； 半丝半缕，恒念物力维艰。
Remember that every bowl of rice and porridge has not been got easily. Be ever mindful that each cotton or silk garment has taken much material and labour to make.
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1.3 主语的确定 1.3.1 汉英主语的对比 1. 汉语为语义型语言，注重内容的意会性。汉 语的主语是被陈述的话题，是谓语说明的对象。 由诸多不同词类短语充当，换言之，置于句首有 话题特征的词或词组都是主语。主语隐含不显或 无主语句的情况也时常可见。汉语的主语可分为9 种，如果加上语用一起考虑，可归纳为四大块。 2. 英语为语法型语言，重点研究主谓序列及其 相关词类，句子结构受形式逻辑制约，注重形式 严谨。主语必须由名词或名词性短语充当。英语 主语主要有七大类：
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Examples:
长相思 （白居易） 汴水流，泗水流，流到瓜州古渡头。吴山点点愁。 思悠悠，恨悠悠，恨到归时方始休。月明人倚楼。
trans. Everlasting Longing See the Bian River flow, And the Si River flow! By Ancient Ferry, mingling waves, they go, The Southern Hills reflect my woe. My thought stretches endlessly, My grief wretches endlessly, So thus my husband comes to me, Alone on moon----lit balcony. (语音)
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• 空对着，山中高士晶莹雪； • 终不忘，世外仙姝寂寞林。
Vainly facing the hermit in sparkling snow-clad hills I forget not the fairy in lone woods beyond the world.
哼！你别看我耳朵聋----可我的心不聋啊！
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(2) 汉语句子按结构分，比较复杂。 在汉语语法体系中，有语素，词，短语，小句，复句，句群，句 子语气。其中起主导作用的语言单位，就是小句。小句是“最小的 能够独立表达一个意思的一个语法单位。一个语素，一个词，或者 一个短语，都会成为小句”。小句也是其它所有语法实体的“联络中 心” 。 小句特点：第一，表述性，表明一个意旨，体现一个意图。第 二，独立性，它不包含在另一个小句中。第三，它是最小的表述性 语法单位。
从广州。（来自广州） From Guangzhou. 英语老师张红。 English teacher Zhanghong. Attention! Rainbow！
词 （词素） 注意！ 虹！
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小句因某种关系与其它小句合用，生成复句。 例子：王明是男孩，张薇是女孩，他们都在四班。 （Wang Ming is a boy and Zhang Wei is a girl . Both of them are in Class Four. ） 虽然他脾气急躁，但心眼却挺好。 （Although he is shorttempered, he is kind-hearted.） 汉语复句包括联合，偏正和补充复句。翻译时需要适当调整句式。 英语句子按结构也可分为简单句和复杂句。中但是，无论句式 如何变化其基本句型也只有七种。
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subject+verb subject+verb+object subject +verb+complement subject + verb+adverbial subject+verb+indirect object+direct object subject+verb+object+adverbial subject+verb+object+complement 汉译英时，无论句式多么复杂，均可用以上七种基本句型译出， 要注意主谓语搭配。 例如：内战使他们的生意萧条。
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Declaratives are sentences in which the subject is present and generally precedes the verb. They are used to convey information. Interrogatives are sentences which are formally marked in one of two ways: yes-no interrogatives and wh-interrogatives. They are used to seek information on a special point. Imperatives are sentences which usually have no overt grammatical subject, and whose verb has the base form. They are used to instruct sb. to do sth. Exclamatives are sentences which have an initial phrase introduced by what or how, usually with subject-verb order. They are used for expressing the extent to which the speaker is impressed by something.
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(2) 句子的排列特征也体现其言内意义。短句简短 有力，节奏明快，有助于形成奔放的气势；长句 结构紧凑，能表达严密的思想，详细的内容，一 气呵成；叠句洋洋洒洒，显得语言腴厚而内容充 实；紧缩句则显得凝练含蓄，干净利落。 如：山， 刺破青天锷未残。 天欲堕， 赖以柱其间。 Peaks Piercing the blue without blunting the blade, The sky would fall But for this colonade.
Humph! My years are deaf, but my mind is not.
张俊民道："胡子老官，这事在你作法便了。做 成了，少不了言身寸。" 王胡子道：“我那个要你谢！”
“Handle it as you” think best, Whiskers. If you put it off, I'll not fail to thank you." "As if I wanted thanks from you!"
英语句子呈外显性特征（overtness）,时态、 格、性、数、体、态的曲折变化。
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（2）汉语重语义结构，英语重语法结构。 如：平日（我）多嘴多舌，（我）只不过要他们懂些商海沉 浮。
Trans: All this everyday chattering is but meant to remind them that ups and downs is the way of the business world.
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1.1.3句子特征 （1）汉语和英语句子特征均受语法的影响。汉语语法突出特 点是隐含性（covertness), 隐含性特征体现在词性与词形无关，词 语的语法功能不容易辨别，时态语态和语气往往没有明显的符号标 记。 如：我想借你的词典用一下。
Trans: I want to use your dictionary. I wonder if I can use your dictionary.
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种
类
例
句
英
译
词 或 短 语 构 成 的 小 句
主谓短语 名词短语 动词短Biblioteka 形容词短 语 介宾短语 复指短语
阳光灿烂。 油漆未干。
快乐的时刻。 向雷锋同志学习。 勿踏草地。 美极了。 非常干净。