Front vowel [ i: ] [ i ] [ e ] [ ✌ ] [ ]central vowel [ : ] [ ☜ ] [ ✈ ]back vowels [ u: ] [ ☺ ] [ : ] [ ] [α: ]Close vowel [ i: ] [ i ] [ u: ] [ ☺ ]Semi-close vowel [ e ] [: ]Semi-open vowels[ ☜ ] [ : ]Open vowels[ ✌ ] [ ] [ ✈ ] [ ][ : ]Stop （Plosive）塞音（爆破音）[b] [p] [t] [d] [k] [g]Nasal 鼻音[m][n] [ŋ]Fricative 擦音[f] [v] [θ] [s] [z] [∫] [З]Approximant 中通音[ j ] [r] [w]Lateral 边通音[l]Trill 颤音[r]Tap and Flap 触音Affricate 塞擦音[t∫] [dЗ]Closed words : their membership is fixed or limited.E.g. pro. prep. conj. art. etc.Open-class words: whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. e.g. n. v. adj. adv. E.g. regarding / with regard to ; throughout, in spite of1. The fact that there is no intrinsic connection between the word “pen” and the thing we write with indicates language is ______.A.arbitraryB. rule-governe . combined D. illogical2. We can understand and produce an infinitely large number of sentence including sentences we never heard before, because language is _____.A.creativeB. arbitraryC. understandableD. unique3. ______ means language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.A.DualityB. DisplacementC. CreativityD. Arbitrariness4. By ____ function people establish and maintain their status in society.A.experientialB. referentialC. metalingualD. interpersonal5. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language?A.ArbitrarinessB.ProductivitC.Cultural transmission.D. Finiteness.6. The distinction between parole and langue was made by __________.A.HallidaB. ChomskyC. BloomfieldD. Saussur1./m,n/ are ________.A.fricativesB. dentalsC. approximantD. nasals2. /w,j/ belong to ________.A.fricativesB. dentalsC. approximant中通音D. nasals3. Which of the following vowels is the rounded vowel?A.[i]B. [u]C. [a:]D. [i:]4. Classification of vowels is made up of the following EXCEPT ________.A.the position of the tongueB.theopennessof the mouthC.the shape of the lipD.the width of the vowels5. A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of a word from another in a given language is a ________.A.phonemeB. allophoneC. phoneD. allomorph6. /p,t,k/ are ________.A.fricativesB. affricatesC. approximantD. stop7. /kuku:/ is a bird’s call. The name of such a bird is cuckoo which is an example of ________.nguage universalsB. onomatopoeiaC. teaching grammarsD. morphs8. The vowel [u:] in [fu:d] (food) is a ______vowel.A.backB. frontC. unroundedD. central9. In English, there is only one glottal. It is_____.A.[f]B. [r]C. [h]D. [v]10. Which of the following sounds is a voiced bilabial stop?A.[m]B. [v]C. [p]D. [b]11. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ________ of that phoneme.A.MinimalB. allomorphC. phonesD. allophones12. [i:], [i], [e] are all ________ vowels.A.frontB. centralC. backD. high13. Which of the following is a fricative sound?A.[m]B. [p]C. [w]D. [v]14. There are ________ nasals in English.A.oneB. twoC. threeD. four1. Which of the following does NOT belong to the “open class words”?A. NounsB. AdjectiveC. ConjunctionsD. Adverbs2. What is the minimal unit of meaning?A. PhonemeB. MorphemeC. AllophoneD. Allomorph3. There are ______ morphemes in the word “undesirability”.A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 64. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A. rainbowB. basketballC. icy-coldD. unpleasant5. All the following words contain the inflectional affixes except _______A. caresB. carefulC. fasterD. books6. The word “irresistible” is _________ .A. a compound oneB. a clipped oneC. a blended oneD. a derived one7. Which of the following is not a free morpheme?A. bedB. treeC. danceD. children8. Which of the following affix differs from others?A. –lyB. –nessC. –ingD. –ful9. Of the following word-formation processes, ___is the most productive.A. conversionB. blendingC. compoundD. derivation10. Morpheme that can occur “unattached” are called ____morphemes.A inflectiona B. bound C free D. derivational11. The word “motherboard”is ___________.A. a clipped oneB. a blended oneC. a compounded oneD. an acronym12. The word “kung-fu”is __________ .A. a clipped oneB. a blended onC. a compound oneD. a borrowed one1.Syntax is the study of ___________. (2005)A. language functionsB. sentence structuresC. textual organizationD. word formation2. What type of sentence is “Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry.”?(2008)A. A simple sentenceB. A coordinate sentenceC. A complex sentenceD. None of the above3.. Syntactic categories contain the type of _________ .A. meaning that words expressB. affixes that the words takeC. structures in which the words can occurD. All of the above4.The syntactic component provides the ________ for a sentence.A. lexiconB. structureC. meaningD. sound1.The speech act theory was first put forward by _________ .(2005)A.John SearleB.John AustiC.Noam ChomskyD.M.A.K. Halliday2.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of _________ .(2006)A.referenceB.meaningC.antonymyD.context3.When a speaker expresses his intention of speaking, such as asking someone to open the window, he is performing _______ .(2009)A.an illocutionary actB.a perlocutionary actC.a locutionary actD.none of the above4. A: What do you think of Mr. Zhang? B: A fine day, isn’t it?In the dialogue between A and B, B’s answer flouts which of the four maxims of CP?The maxim of quantity. The maxim of quality. The maxim of manner. The maxim of relation.5.. A: Where is Paul? B: Somewhere in our University.In the dialogue between A and B, B’s answer flouts which of the four maxims of CP?The maxim of quantity. The maxim of quality. The maxim of manner. The maxim of relation.6. What is the most important concept to distinguish pragmatics from semantics?Context. Entailment. Presupposition. Discourse7.A: Shall we get something for the kids? B: Yes. But I veto C-A-N-D-Y.B’s answer violates maxim of __________ .quantity quality manner relation8. _____________ act expresses the intention of the speaker.Locutionary Illocutionary Perlocutionary Speech9. A: Do you know where Mr. Brown is?B: Somewhere in the southern suburbs of the city. Speaker B violates the maxim of _____________ .quality quantity manner relation10. Contextual features exclude _________ when an utterance is made.the time the place the participants the purpose11. In a factory, Li, the guide, is interpreting for a group of foreign guests. When they have finishes visiting one workshop, he would like the group to follow him to the next workshop. He says,”___________. ”This way, please Come here Follow me Move on12. According to Grice’s Cooperative Principle, speakers should try to make their contribution as informative as is required for the current purpose of the exchange as the requirement of __________.The maxim of quality The maxim of relevanceThe maxim of quantity The maxim of manner13. According to Austin’s speech act theory, a speaker might be performing the following acts simultaneously when speaking EXCEPT __locutionary act illocutionary act perlocutionary act relocationary act14.The words “kid, child, offspring” are examples of ________. (2006)dialectal synonyms stylistic synonyms emotive synonyms collocational synonyms15.The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called __________ . (2008)hyponymy synonymy polysemy homonymy16.Which of the following is NOT the concern of “sense”?It is the study of the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.It is the study of what a linguistic form refers to in the real physical world.It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compliers are interested in.It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.17.x: They are going to have another baby.Y: They have a child. The relationship of X and Y is ________.synonymous inconsistent X entailing YX presupposing Y18.According to the componential analysis, the words “girl” and “woman” differ in the feature of __________ .HUMAN ANIMATE MALE ADULT19.The relationship between “violet” and “tulip” is ________.co-hyponyms superordinate hyponyms antonyms20.The relationship between “begin” and “commence” is ______. dialectal synonymsstylistic synonymscollocational synonymssemantically different synonyms21.What is the relationship between the words “color” and “red”?Synonymy Antonymy Polysemy Hyponymy22. “fall” and “autumn” are ___________ synonyms.dialectal stylistic evaluatively different semantically different23.Homophones are often employed to create puns for detailed effects of __________.humor sarcasm ridiculeall of the above24.We call the relation between “animal” and “horse” as _______.synonymy polysemy homonymy hyponymy25.The semantic features of the word “girl” can be expressed as __________.+ animate, - human, + adult, + male.+ animate, + human, - adult, + male.+ animate, + human, + adult, - male.+ animate, + human, - adult, - male.26.What is the sentential relation between “He likes skating.” and “He likes sports.”?Presupposition. Entailment. Contradiction. Hyponymy.1.The pair of words “borrow/lend” is called __________.relational opposites synonyms complementary opposites gradable opposites2.“Yellow” has different meanings to Chinese or to western people, that is its _________.conceptual meaning cognitive meaning associative meaning stylistic meaning3.The ambiguity in “pass the port” is caused by __________.lexical itemsa grammatical structure homonymy polysemy4.The word “luggage” and “baggage” are ___________.synonyms differing in emotive meaningdialectal synonymscollocationally restricted synonymssynonyms differing in stylesponential analysis is a method applied in the field of _________.phonetics syntax semantics pragmatics距离相似性（the iconicity of distance）描述为：The linguistic between expressions corresponds to the conceptual distance between them.（词句中语符之间的距离象似于它们所表示的概念距离。