compound
• Two or more words may be joined to form new, compound words • Head: the morpheme that determines the category of entire word • In English, the rightmost word in a compound is the head of the compound
Two classes of derivation in English
• First class: -ic, -cal, -ity,-an • Second class: -er, -ful, -ish, -less, -ly,
• main differences
• Whether there are sound changes specific/specificity, deduce/deductive, critic/criticize , sane/sanity, Elizabeth/Elizabethan • first class cannot be attached to a base containing an affix from the second class:; but affixes from the second class may attach to bases with either kind of affix: *need + less + ity, *moral + ize + ive moral + iz(e) + er, need + less + ness. • Different sources: Romance vs. Germanic
Inflectional morphology
• Inflectional morpheme: bound morphemes have a strictly grammatical function. They mark properties such as tense, number, person and so forth • inflections never change the grammatical category of the stems to which the inflectional morphemes are attached
• Function words, closed class words • do not have clear lexical meanings or obvious concepts associated with them, • Conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns
• Internal structure of compound
• Endocentric vs. exocentric compounds Endocentric compound is the one which denotes a subtypes of the concept denoted by its head. steamboat, airplane, fire drill redhead, blackboard, redneck, turncoat, highbrow, egghead
Rules of Word Formation
• Derivation • Inflection • compound
Derivational morphology
• When certain bound morphemes are added to a base, a new word with a new meaning is derived. • The form that results from the addition of a derivational morpheme is called a derived word. • The derived word may also be of a different grammatical class than the original word
• Linguists sometimes use the word base to mean any root or stem to which an affix is attached. • Base can be a root or stem • Bound roots do not occur in isolation and they acquire meaning only in combination with other morphemes receive, conceive, perceive, and deceive remit, permit, commit, submit, transmit, and admit
The Hierarchical Structure of Words
• A word is not a simple sequence of morphemes It has an internal structure. • Hierarchical structure is the result of a set of ordered morphological rules : Noun +atic→ Adjective un + Adjective →Adjective Adjective + al →Adjective Adjective + ly →Adverb
• Simple words vs. complex words • discreteness of language: In all languages, sound units combine to form morphemes, morphemes combine to form words, and words combine to form larger units—phrases and sentences.
• Rule productivity • Irregular /suppletive forms • Lexical/accidental gaps and systematic gaps needlessity vs. linguisticism
Exercise
• • • • • • disappearance activations irreplaceability governmental unhappiness ungrammaticality
Classification of Morphemes
• Free vs. bound morphemes • Free morpheme can stand alone as a word • Bound morpheme must be attached to a base morpheme • bound morpheme: affix, bound root
The evidences of word classification
• Syndromes of aphasia and SLI • Slip of tongue • First language acquisition
inner-structure of word
• The linguistic term for the most elemental unit of grammatical form is morpheme • the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed= morphology. • Morphology is part of our grammatical knowledge of a language. It is generally unconscious knowledge
• Word– the smallest free form found in language boy boys -s • A morpheme—the minimal linguistic unit— is thus an arbitrary union of a sound and a meaning (or grammatical function) that cannot be further analyzed. (linguistic sign)
Classification of words
• Content words, open class words • Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs • To denote concepts such as objects, actions, attributes and ideas
Inflectional morphemes in English follow the derivational morphemes in a word.
The ways of inflection
• base+affix • Internal change: ablaut and umlaut in English Sing~sang~sung; foot~feet • Suppetion • Reduplication • Tone placement
• A root may or may not free morpheme (stand alone as a word) • Root in Semitic languages
• When a root morpheme is combined with an affix, it forms a stem • Other affixes can be added to a stem to form a more complex stem