B. the openness of the mouth: mouth: close vowels semisemi-close vowels semisemi-open vowels open vowels
C. the shape of the lips: lips: unrounded vowels rounded vowels D. the length of the vowels: vowels: long vowels﹙tense vowel紧元音﹚ vowels﹙ vowel紧元音﹚ short vowels﹙lax vowels松元音﹚ vowels﹙ vowels松元音﹚
Chapter 2
Phonetics ＆ Phonology
1. Inroduction
(1) Phonetics and phonology are very useful. useful. With some phonetic knowledge we can give a much more precise description to speech sounds. sounds. And with some phonological knowledge we can become more aware of the functions of sounds in different languages. More importantly, languages. phonetics and phonology have made the greatest contribution to “teaching” machines to “talk”. teaching” talk”
The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. E.g., phoneme. clear [l] and dark [l] are allophones of the phoneme /l/ in English; aspirated [p] and English; unaspirated [p] are allophones of the phoneme /p/ in English. English.
Our primary interest will be in articulatory phonetics. phonetics.
Speech organs/Articulators
The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: areas: The pharyngeal cavity 咽腔— the throat; 咽腔— throat; The oral cavity 口腔— the mouth. The speech 口腔— mouth. organs located in this cavity are the tongue, the soft palate, the hard palate, the teeth ridge, the teeth and the lips; lips; The nasal cavity鼻腔— the nose. cavity鼻腔— nose.
and, at, add, lead, tell, ten How many phones are there in the above words? How many phonemes?
A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit unit; that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. value. unit.
(2) Linguistics is only interested in speech sounds. sounds. Sounds made by a human being but not used in language are not considered as speech sound, e.g. coughing, vomitting, snoring. snoring.
4. Classifications of English speech sounds
Question: Question: Analyze the important features of vowels and consonants. consonants.
(1) Classification of consonants In terms of manner of articulation, English consonants can be classified into the following types: types:
Broad transcription 宽式标音 : the transcription 宽式标音: with letter-symbols only. letteronly. Narrow transcription 严式标音: the transcription 严式标音: with letter-symbols together with the diacritics letter变音符. 变音符. Diacritics are a set of symbols added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer letterdistinctions than the letters alone may possibly do. do.
3. IPA and transcription
broad
vs. vs.
narrow
The international phonetic alphabet﹙IPA﹚system alphabet﹙IPA﹚ was devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1988 and has undergone a number of revision since then. then. The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter selected from major European languages to represent one speech sound. The application of the phonetic sound. symbols is universal to all languages. languages.
Phonemic contrast 音 位 对 立 , complementary distribution互补分布, distribution互补分布 互补分布, and minimal pair最小对立体 pair最小对立体
If two phonetically similar sounds are two distinctive phonemes, they are said to form a phonemic contrast. contrast. Question: Question: Do /f/ and /v/ form a phonemic contrast? How about /f/ and /k/?
5. Phonology
Phonology studies how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. communication. Question: Question: How does phonology differ from phonetics?
Stops/plosives 塞音/破裂音 塞音/ Fricatives 擦音 Affricates 塞擦音 Liquids 流音: [l]﹙lateral边音﹚ [r]﹙retroflex卷 流音: [l]﹙lateral边音﹚ [r]﹙retroflex卷 舌音﹚ 舌音﹚ Nasals 鼻音 Glides/semiGlides/semi-vowels 滑音/半元音 滑音/
Three branches of phonetics: phonetics: (1) Articulatory phonetics 发音语音学 is the study of how speech sounds are produced. produced. (2) Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学 studies how speech sounds are perceived by the hearer. hearer. (3) Acoustic phonetics 声学语音学 studies the transmission of speech sounds through the air. air.
2. Phonetics
Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language. It studies the language. characteristics of human sound-making, soundparticularly the sounds used in speech, and provides methods for their transcription, description and classification. classification.