• Stage 2 • Where she will go? • Why Doggy can’t see? • Why you don’t know?
• The role of imitation and correction • A: What have you seen? (model) • B: What you have seen? (child’s imitation)
• Child: Oh! Nobody don’t LIKES me.
Chapter 6 Language and Cognition
• 4) Fluent grammatical conversation stage p120
• 6.2.2 Language Comprehension p121
• 6.1.3 Three approaches to the study of language and cognition p115
• 1) The formal approach • 2) The psychological approach • 3) The conceptual approach
• 6.2.1 Language acquisition
• 1) Holophrastic stage
• So runs my dream, but what am I?
•
An infant crying in the night;
• An infant crying for the light,
•
Chapter 6 Language and Cognition
• Child: Daddy, you’re interring up.
•
inter up interrupt
• Later development • Negation: • Stage 1 (approximately 18 to 25 months) • No the sun shining. • No sit there. • No dog bite you. • No mom sharpen it.
•
banana eat me Nim
•
eat Nim eat Nim
•
banana me eat banana
• Evidence of innateness
•
Innateness: The theory that ascribes a major part of language
learning to genetically packaged knowledge which is then triggered
•
Language does not directly reflect the objective world but there
is the cognition of the real world in between.
• Reality →cognition → language
Chapter 6 Language and Cognition
• 3) Language determines thinking • Whorf Hypothesis Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
• Cognition belongs to the field of psychology. Psychological research shows that cognition has a stage of prelanguage.
• Interrogative sentences:
• Stage 1
•
I ride train?
•
Sit chair?
•
Ball go?
•
What Daddy doing?

•
Why you laughing?
•
Where Mommy go?
Chapter 6 Language and Cognition
• Then what is cognition and what is the relationship between the three?
Chapter 6 Language and Cognition
• 6.1 What is cognition?
• 6.1.1 Definition
• 《辞海》：认知就是认识，指人类认识客观事物，获得知识的活动， 包括知觉、记忆、学习、言语、思维和问题解决等过程。
Chapter 6 Language and Cognition
• Introduction
• The influence of Chomsky and Jean Piaget • The emergence of cognitive linguistics
• Question:
• What is the relationship between language and the world?
•
• 2) Two-word stage
• Two-word utterances by a human child
•
it ball see ball get ball there ball want baby
•
it doll see doll get doll there doll want car
And with no language but a cry.
•
------Tennyson
• What words do children first learn to say?
• mama dada doggie kitty milk cookie
• diapers nappies
Chapter 6 Language and Cognition
• Father: ‘You’d better take them off and put them on frontwards.’
• Daughter (Taking them off and turning them around):
•
‘Is this the rightwards?
• Daughter: Somebody’s at the door.
• Child: Nobody don’t like me.
• Mother: No, say “Nobody likes me.”
• Child: Nobody don’t like me.
•
[Exchange is repeated eight times.]
• Mother: No, now listen carefully; say “Nobody likes me.”
• Two ways to define in English p114
• 6.1.2 The relationship between language, reality and
cognition
• 1) Language reflects the reality
• 2) Cognition determines language.
• Mother: There’s nobody at the door. • Daughter: There’s yesbody at the door.
• Regular for irregular (common at this stage ) :
•
mans, knifes, goed, eaten
• Father / linguist (Supervising daughter getting dressed):
•
‘I think you’ve got your underpants on backwards.’
• Daughter (age 3 years 9 months): ‘Yes, I think so.’
Chapter 6 Language and Cognition
• It was found that the wheel was on the axle. • It was found that the heel was on the shoe. • It was found that the peel was on the orange. • It was found that the meal was on the table.
• Cognitive linguistics believes that between language and the world exists cognition. To study the relationship between language, men and the world, we must look into the relationship between language, cognition / thinking and the real world.
• 6.2 What is psycholinguistics?
• 1) Definition • 2) The focus of psycholinguistics • 3) Six subjects of research within psycholinguistics
Chapter 6 Language and Cognition
Chapter 6 Language and Cognition
• A.K.: Ben’s hicking up. He’s hicking up.
• Adult: What?
• A.K.: He’s got the hiccups.