1.Bill of lading 提单Definition:Bill of lading is a document given by a shipping company,representboth a receipt for thegoods siped and a contract for shipment between the shipping companyand the sipper.it is also adocument of title to the goods,giving the holder or the assigne theright to possessionof the goods.2.Marketing 市场营销Definition:Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception,pricing,promouon ,and distribution of goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives.3.D/P 付款交单Definition:D/P is short for"document against payment.Under this payment method,the exporter is to ship the goods ordered and delivered the relative shipping documents to thebuyer abroad through the remitting bank and the collecting bank with instructions not torelease the documents to the buyer until the payment lorthe goods is made.4.QA 品质/质量保证Definition:QA is short for quality assurance,it is about how a business can design the way a pro duct or services is produced or delivered to minimize the chances that output will beup-standard.5.Flexible exchange rates 浮动汇率Definition:A flexible exchange rate means the government does not enter the foreign exchange markets and leaves the determination of exchange rates up to currency trades.The price of its currency is allowed to rise and fall as market forces dictate.1.Parternship；合作关系A parternship is a legal relationship between persons arising on apofi-motivated business.a cooperative relationship between people or groups who agree to share responsibility for achieving some specific goal2.manegement 管理人员Definition:Management is defined as the application of planning,organizing,directing,and Controlling functions in the most effient manner possible to accomplish meaningful organizational objectives.3.HR management 人力资源管理Definition:The human resource management is an ongoing procedure that tries to keep the Organization suplied with the right people in the right positions.4.Documentary Credit 跟单信用证A Documentary Letter of Credit is a written undertaking given by a bank on behalf of an Importer to pay the Exporter a given sum of money with in a specified time,providing thatthe Exporter presentsdocuments which comply with the terms laid down in the Letter of Credit. 5.Draft 汇票Defnition:A draft is simply an order write by an exporter intruting an importer,or importer' sagent,to pay a specified amount of money at a specified time.Shipping document：运输单据(运输单证）shipping documents also as transport documents,are legal documents that are utilized in the process of transporting goods from one location to another.2.certificate of origin：原产地证书（证明）is document used in international trade,completed by the exporter,and certificated by a recognized issuing body,attesting that the goods in a particular export shipment have beenproduced,manufactured or processed in a particular country.3.insurance policy：保单(保险合同/大保单)is a formal contract-document between the insurer and the insured,known as the policy holder, which determines the claims which the insurer is legally required to pay.5.customer equity：顾客资产is the value of potential future revenue generated by a company's customers in a lifetime.l.sole/individual proprietorship:独资经营Detnition:It is a type of enterprise that is owned and run by one natural person.The owner is in Direct control of all elements and is legally accountable for the finances of such business and this may include debts,loans,loss,etc.2.Productivity:生产力It is the rate at which goods are produced.(or having thẻpower to produce)3.broker：代理/中介：A broker is a person whose job is to buy and sell shares,foreign money,or goods for other people.4.Fixed assets：固定资产are assets which a company uses on a continuous basis,such as properly and machinery.5.Cash on delivery:货到付款Collecting the charges upon delivery.1.anti-dumping duty:反倾销税is an extra duty levied temporarily on the imported commodity in dumping to protect home industry and market against the import commodity in large quantity and cheap price.2.Transnational corporation跨国公司refers to large international enterprise consisting of entities in two ormore countries,that operates manufacturing,sales and other business.3.Invisible trade:无形贸易trade of services rather than actual goods,for example,banking,insurance,and professional service,etc.4.Balance of payment:国际收支A statement that summarizes an economy's transactions with the rest of the world for a specified time period.1.CPI,消费价格指数消费物价指数Consumer price index measures changes in the price level of market basket of consumer goods and services purchased by households.2.LLC, 有限责任公司Limited liability company a business structure that combines the pass-through taxation of apartner ship or sole proprietorship with the limited liability of a corporation.3.FOB,离岸价格/船上交货价格Free On Board is a shipping term which indicates that the supplier pays the shipping costs(and usually also the insurance costs)from the point of manufacture to a specified destination,at Which point the buyer takes responsibility.4.B2B,企业对企业的电子商务模式Business-To-Business is a transaction that occurs between two companies,as opposed to a transaction involving a consumer.The term may also describe a company that provides goods or s ervices for another company.5.Definition:借记卡/提款卡Debit card is a card which allows customers to access their funds immediately electronically.With a debit card,you can immediately take money out of your checking account either through purcha ses at a store or through an ATM.1.A CEO首席执行官(chief executive fficer)is the position of the most senior corporate officer,executive,leader or administrator in charge of managing an organization.2.Human resource:人力资源In a company or other organization,the department of human resources is the department take on ponsibility for the recruiting,training,and welfare of the staff.bor market劳动力市场is the market in which workers compete for jobs and employers compete for workers.3.V AT增值税(value added tax)is a tax that is added to the price of goods or services.4.A balance sheet is a written statement of the amount of money and property that a company op erson has,including amounts of money that are owed or are owing.资产负债表5.Brand loyalty 品牌忠诚:The tendency to always buy a particular brand.2.Joint venture合资公司A business activity in which2or more companies have invested together.3.Quota:定额Quanttative restrictions imposed by one country on imports of a certain type from another country.4.marketing mix:营销组合A comprehensive plan or strategy covering product price,promotion and place,usually summarized as the4Ps".of marketing.5.Acqusition :收购Getting control of a company bitiony buying over50%of its shares. Definition:Lredit card is a small plastic card that you can use to buy goods and services and pay for the market.2.Depeciatiton贬值means decrease in value of assets.3.Brand preference品牌偏好is measure of brand loyalty in which a consumer will choose a paticular brand in presence of competing brands,but will accept substitutes if that brand is not available.4.Corporate Culture公司文化is a broad term used to define the unique personality or character of a particularcompany or organization,and includes such elements as core values and beliefs,corporate ethics,and rules of behavior.5.:Fringe benefit额外福利is an incidental or additional advantage,a benefit provided by an employer to supplement an employee's regular pay,such as a pension,company car,luncheon voucher,insurance,vacation 1.overcapacity:生产能力过剩If there is overcapacity in a particularindustry, more goods have been produced than areneed and the industry is therefore less profitable thanit could be.2.A free trade zone(FTZs):自由贸易区A free-trade area is a trade bloc whose member countries have signed a free-trade agreement(FT A),which eliminates tariffs,import quotas,and preferences on most(if not all)goods and services traded between them.If people are also free to move between the countries,in addition to FTA,it would also be considered an open border.4.A non-performing loan,or NPL,is a loan that is in default or close to being in default.Manyloans become non-performing after being in default for90days,but this can depend on the contract terms.不良贷款4..外债Definition:Foreign debt is the total debt a country owes to foreign creditors,complemented by int ernaldebtowed to domestic lenders.The debtors can be the government,corporations or citizens o f that country.The debt includes money owed to privale commercial banks,other governments,or international financialinstitutions such as the International(IMF)and World Bank5.Translation:风险投资家A venture capitalist is an investor who either provides capilal lo slartup ventures or supports small companiesthat wish to expand but do not have access to equities markets.V enture capitalists are willing toinvest in such companies because they can earn a massive return on their investments if these companies are asuccess.1.Translation:授权经营Definition:Licensing is an arrangement in which the owner of intellectual property grants another firm theright to use that property for a specified period of time in exchange for royalties or other compensation.2.Translation:间接投资，证券投资made with theexpectation of earning a return.Thisexpected retum'is'diretly orrelated with theion snen"cpeted ik Pofoioo ioene dainet fom dica muene whidh no uinesiable sake in a target compa ny and posbly being ivolvede wilh is day body mngeme 3.Translation:反向贸易、对等贸易Counter trade is a sale that encompases more than an exhane of god,erices or iesformoney.4.乘数效应Definition:The multiplier efect is the expansion of a country's money supply that results from banks beingable to lend.The size of the multiplier effect depends on the percentage of deposits that banks are required tohold as reserves.In other words,it is the money used to create more money and is calculated by dividing total bank deposits by the reserve requirement.5.Definition:Initial public ffering(IPO)is a type of public ofringn in which shares of a company usually aresold to nstitutional investors that in turn,sell to the general public,on a secrities excha nge,for the firsttime. 首次公开发行股票1.Break-even point is the point at which toal cost and toalrevenue are equal.Tanslaion:盈亏平衡点/盈亏临界2.Onder cydle time is a peindbetween placing5an order and receiving the ordered item. Translation:汀貨周期3.by the bank to the importer according to his demand upon receiving the billsunder the letter of credited and the impotterTranslation:进ロ押汇4.Maker share is the amo thata company sells of itspoduets or serices compared wih oher companies selling the same things. 市场份额5.Definition:Brand positioning is an activity of creating a brand offer in such a manner that it occ upies adistinctive place and value in the target customers'mind.Translation:品牌定位1.Defnition:Itis the right to buy or sell property at an agreed price;rithe ght is purchased and15 notexercised by a stated date,the money is forfeited.期权2.It is a fraudulent investment operation that pays returns to its investors from thelr own money0 1the money paid by subsequent investors,rather than from profit earned by the individual or orga nizationrunning the operation.庞氏骗局3.Definition:It is a stock market index and one of the several indices created by W all Street Jour nal editors and Dow Jones&Company co- founder Charles Dow.The industrial averagewas first calculated on May26,1896.Translation:道琼斯工业平均指数4.Definition:It is a company or person that supplies shops and companies with goods. Translation:经销商5.Definition:It is a process of judging officially how an argument should be settled. Translation:仲裁1.Barriers to trade are any action by a govermment to limit or prevent the free flow of goods in an dout of its country.贸易壁垒4.Definition:V enture capital is money made available for investment in innovative enterprises or research.especially in high technology,in which both the risk of loss and the potential for profit may be considerable.Also called risk capital.Translation:风险资本5.Definition:Insurable interest holds that no one may insure anything unless he has and interest i n it.(Whichmeans that if the thing insured is preserved he will derive a benefit from its preservati on,but if it is any way_damaged or lost the assured will be -adversely afet.-)Translation:可保利益2.Definition:Contracting party isаcountry or firm that signs a legalagreement.缔约国3.Definition:Sight draft calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee. Translation:及期汇票4.It is a reply to an ofter which conains aditions or other modietaons还盘2.Definition;lt is a kind of standard used to indicate that the quality of the product ffe is about equal to theaverage quality level of the same crop within a certain period of time. Translation:良好平均品质3.Definition:The act of the transferor in transferring a draft to the transferee by making a signatu re on the backof the draft. 背书4.Definition:It is a delivery situation in which when the seller delivers the buyer does not physic ally receive thegoods.This kind of delivery is proved by the submission of transport document by the seller to the buyer.Translation:象征性交货5.Goods are transported directly from the production country to the consuming country.In this ca se,onlv two parties are involved in the transaction,namely the exporter and the importer. Translation:直接贸易。