Speechcommunity:the social group that is singled out for any special study.
Transcription:the use of symbols to show sounds or sound sequences in written form.
Pidgin:a speciallanguagevariety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading.
Reference:what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with therelationshipbetween the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
Semantics: the study of meaning
Pragmatics: the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.
Syntax:in linguistics, what a language expresses about the world we live in or any possible or imaginary world.
Deep Structure:formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties
Surface Structure:corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations.
一、Term Definition:
Language: is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
Phonetics: the study of sounds used in linguistic communication led to the establishment of phonetics.
Dialect:a variety of a language, spoken in one part of a country (regional dialect), or by people belonging to aparticularsocial class (social dialect or sociolect), which is different in some words, grammar, and/or pronunciation from other forms of the same language.
General Linguistics:the study of language as a whole.
Inflectional Affix:The manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, tense, degree and case.
Complementary Distribution:Two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution.
Conversion:refers to the derivational process whereby an item comes to belong to a new word class without the addition ofsuffix.
Morphology: the study of the way in which these symbols are arranged and combined to form words has constituted the branch of study
Synonym: words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.
Sense:concerned with the inherent meaning of a linguistic form, the collection of all its features; it is abstract and de-contextualized.
Duality:language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels.
Context:it is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.
Competence:the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.
Consonant:The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract are called consonants.
Linguistics:the scientific study of language.
Stress:the pronunciation of a word or syllable with more force than the surrounding words or syllables.
Compounding:a word formation process in which words are formed by putting two or more words together.
Affixation:is the process of forming words by adding derivational affixes to stems.
Allophone:the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments.
Saussure:the distinction between langue and parole was made by the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure in the 20 century.
Vowel:The sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction are called vowels.
Hyponymy:refers to the senserelationbetween a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.
Phonology:aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
Closed Class:conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns, which are in small number and stable since few new words are added, therefore such words have been referred to as closed class words.
Sociolinguistics:the study of all the social aspects of language and its relation with society form the core of the branch.
Speech Variety:refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers.
Derivational Affix:The manifestation of relation between stems and affixes through the addition of derivational affixes.
Open Class:inEnglish, nouns, verbs,adjectivesand adverbswhichare the content words of a language, which are sometimes called open class words.