新托福IBT听力场景入学：enrollment/register 登记,注册opening ceremony n开业典礼,仪式comme nceme nt ceremony 毕业典礼con vocation n正式会议（可指简单的毕业典礼）orie ntatio n meet ing 开学说明会staff n.全体职员freshman （大学）一年级学生sophomore （大学）二年级学生junior （大学）三年级学生senior （大学）四年级学生tuition fee 费用placeme nt test 开学测试excellent出色的average平均的，一般的below average低于平均水平的，差的结构及称谓：uni versity- preside nt 大学，校长cha ncellor名誉校长college 学院scie nee/ arts school 理科/ 文科学院un dergraduate 本科postgraduate /graduate研究生建筑物buildings:can tee n餐厅/cafeteria .自助餐厅dining hall 食堂adm ini strati on build ing 行政大楼wing/annex 配楼teach ing buildi ng 教学楼dormitory n.宿舍auditorium n.会堂,礼堂=lecture hall assembly n 集合computer lab计算实验室，机房选课学科major主修mi nor畐寸修scie nee 理科,arts 文科,engin eeri ng 工科Mathematics 数学physics 物理chemistry 化学biology 生物学（micro-微marin-海洋）geography地理学electr onics 电子学computer science 计算机科学astronomy 天文学electronics engineering 电子工程学botany 植物学psychology 心理学zoology 动物学architecture 建筑学oceanography 海洋学ecology 生态学medical science 医学archaeology 考古学history 历史学linguistic 语言学pedagogy 教育学，教学法anthropology 人类学economics 经济学statistics 统计学accounting 会计学philosophy 哲学课程类型required、compulsory course 必修课selective/opti onal course选修课elective course 选修课lecture 讲座seminar 高级研讨性课colloquium n.报告课tutorial 个人辅导课程workshop 专题课程级别Introductory 入门级elementary, fundamental 初级Intermediate, secondary 中级Advanced 高级Prerequisite 先修课程上课：Syllabus 教学大纲Required textbook 要求的课本Attendance 出勤Grading system 打分体系Class participation 课堂参与Others semester/term 学期quarter 小学期course guideline 课程纲要exemption 免修Professor ' s signat教授的签字（用于注册课程）Course cap课程容量（可以招收的学生数）openings （可供注册的名额）Take选（课）,drop 退（课）Late registrati on 晚注册Deregistrati on 注销教师称号professor 教授lecturer = in structor 讲师teach ing assista nt = TA 助教research assista nt = RA助研coun selor, adviser 咨询者，顾问preside nt大学校长faculty全体教职员dea n院长coordi nator班主任，协调人tutor个人辅导supervisor 管理人作业：assig nment 作业（lab/book/oral/mix media）report 实验报告project 项目survey调查prese ntati on 发言term paper 学期论文（research pap》thesis/essay/dissertatio n 论文journal学术期干刊social inv estigati on 社会调查questionnaire n调查表,问卷observati on n 观察in terview vt. n.采访collect data收集数据broad （论文等）内容宽泛n arrow dow n （论文等）缩小范围source （写论文的）参考资料critical thinking 评判性思维lack your own ideas缺少自己的想法deadl ine n最终期限exte nsion 延期due date/time 期限outline n.大纲，提纲（roadmap） bibliography n书目,参考书目refere nee 参考plagiarism n.抄袭revise v.修改rewrite v.重写final draft 完成稿speech n演讲prese ntati on 演讲，陈述eye con tact目光接触inton atio n 音调考试：mid-term exam 期中考final exams = finals 期末考cumulative final总结性考试take-home exam (拿回家的开卷考试，一般有限定的时间) ope n-book exam 开卷考试subjective test主观性测试objective test客观性测试pop quiz抽查式测验blue book答题本assessme nt 估价appraisal n评价,估价make up for 补考, resit, retake 重考grade (mark、score)分数成绩：perfect grade优异成绩low grade 低分high mark 高分pass ing grade 及格分faili ng grade不及格分full marks 满分straight A's 全A be allA's and B's 全是A 和BB plus B 加A mi nus A 减pass the exam with flyi ng colors 以优异成绩通过考试graduate with honors 以荣誉毕业diploma, degree, certificate 文凭，学位，证书考试问题：分析成绩低的原因，给出解决办法图书馆：library图书馆librarian图书管理员publication 出版物periodical 期干刊magaz ine 杂志book catalog 图书目录classified catalog 分类目录title index书目索引alphabetic in dex按字母顺序排列的索引circulati on desk 借书处reserved books馆藏书（只能在图书馆内借阅）library card 借书证overdue fine过期罚金periodical readi ng room 期刊阅览室on li ne journal 在线期干刊video tape录像带back issue过期杂志curre nt issue 近期杂志archive 档案non-fiction非小说类文学作品scie nce-fict ion 科幻小说copier复印机check out办理（借、还）手续renew续借overdue 过期in terlibrary service 馆际服务部分名称information desk n.服务台delivery/circulati on desk 借书台shelf n.书架（vt.）stacks 书架photocopy room 复印室return area 还书处stude nts locker学生存储间refere nee section 参考书咅E 科研过程| Hypothesis 假说Alter native hypothesis 择一假说Null hypothesis无效假说，零假说Collect dataSurvey调查Questio nn aire 调查问卷Experime nt 实验In terfere, i nflue nee 打扰Observation 观察An alyze data分析数据In terpret data 翻译数据An alysis 分析Analytical 分析的Subject主题科目，受制于…的SampleTreatme nt group 实验组Con trol group实验对照组校内工作，课外活动及寻找经济援助：Letter of refere nce/recomme ndatio n 推荐信Competitive 竞争的Ben efit future careerField research实地调查研究Collect data for papersWaiter, waitress Babysitter 临时保姆Work at the libraryQualification 资格,qualified 合格的Resume, CV 简历financial aid经济援助Scholarship/Fellowship 奖学金Teach ing assista ntship 助教奖学金Research assista ntship研究奖学金Grant助学金Loa n贷款Need-based以需求为基础Merit-based以优秀为基础Stude nt union 学生会Clubs俱乐部Career service住宿：宿舍：accommodati on n住处,膳宿reside nee hal I 宿舍suite套间studio工作室，独立套间village村落（校内一栋一栋的房子，可以用做宿舍）lounge n公共大厅（可以用做娱乐）home-stay在国外住在房东家里的那种roommate同屋者，室友corridor n.走廊，过道，租房lease n租借,租约Ian dlord 房东Ian dlady女房东rent租金tenant房客patio n.阳台，sliding door n.推拉门sin gle room 单人房twin room双人房two-bedroom apartment house key 房锁匙床上用品: pillow n. 枕头bed linen n. 床上用品sheet n. 被单mattress n 床垫bla nket n 毯子towel n.手巾,毛巾quilt n. 棉被电器类electric appliance(instrument; equipment) 电器heater, furnace 加热器，炉子heating unit 暖气片air conditioner 空调设备stove 炉子microwaveoven 微波炉washer / dryer 洗衣机/烘干机 (laundry 洗衣店)utensil 器皿；用具kitchen utensil 炊具oven 烤箱；烤炉dishwasher洗碟机washing machine 洗衣机(hot-water) heater热水器coffeepot 咖啡壶fridge(refrigerator/freezer)冰箱vacuum cleaner 吸尘器tape player 录音机CD player CD 机Laundromat 自动洗衣店maintenance 维修，保养家具类furniture 家具bookshelf 书架bookcase 书柜couch 沙发chest 柜子；橱；箱子dresser (bureau)梳妆台cabinet (电视机等)机箱；储藏柜；陈列柜cupboard (closet) 碗橱storage wall 壁橱rug 小地毯carpet 地毯curtain 窗帘bathtub 浴缸fixture （房屋）固定装置furnishings 室内陈设日常生活/问题：pers onal possessi on s/property/bel onging个人财产get in sura nee for pers onal possessi on s/property/bel ongs garbage/rubbish/waste r垃圾dispose v.处理gas meter煤气表insect n 昆虫burglar n.夜贼leak in g/leakage n.泄漏lost key丢钥匙break in 闯入讲座场景词汇Geology地质学Slide n.滑坡Lan dslide n.山体滑坡Mud 泥土，soil 土壤Earth n. 土Sink v.下沉Ground water 地下水Irrigation n.灌溉Freeze, froze, froze n v冷冻Melt v.融化moltenGravity n.重心Aggravate v 力卩重Lean v倾斜Slope n斜坡Steep adj 陡峭Erode v., erosi on n腐蚀Fossil n.化石Dino saur n 恐龙Sedime nt, deposit 沉淀物Marble大理石gran ite花岗岩Ore矿石Stalactite 钟乳石Refine v.提炼Plati num v.铂金Seismology 地震学Vibratio n, tremor,震动Wave波动Volca no, volca nic 火山，火山的Volca nic erupti on 火山喷发Mag nitude 级数Collisi on n.碰撞Active adj.积极的Dorma nt adj休眠的Ext inct adj.熄灭的Magma n岩浆Lava n岩浆Erupt v.喷发explode v爆炸(explosion)boom n.爆炸Blast n爆炸Avala nche n 雪崩地球科学Earth'interior地球的内部Seismic waves地震波Compressi on 压缩Shear ( a deformati on of an object i n which parallel pla nes rema in parallel but are shifted in a direct ion parallel to themselves)Slow down减慢速度Reflect 反射Depth深度Den sity 密度Boun dary 边界Mantle地幔Crust地壳Core地心Continen tal plate 大陆板块Tectonic plate(地球表面的)构造板块Continental drift 大陆漂移Layer, strata 层Stratify 分层Crack裂缝Molten lava融化的岩浆Climatic shift=Climatic cha nges 气候变化Con siste nt pattern 统一的，始终一致的Solar en ergy 太阳能Radiate发射，放射Crude approximatio n 大概的猜测Speculation 猜测Cooling down 冷去卩Mecha nism 机希9Len gth of the dayPhysical force 体力Imaginary line 虚拟线Artificial reservoir 人工水库LatitudeRedistribute再分配，再分布Spin快速旋转Min erals矿物质Diverse多样的Specimen, Sample样品Abu nda nt丰富的Glassy像玻璃的Amaz on stones 天河石Firing vapor炙热的水蒸汽Wipe out根除，彻底消灭Mt Everest珠穆朗玛峰Elevation海拔，海拔增高Precise measuremen精确的测量Global Positio ning System 全球定位系统Lon gitude 经度Latitude 维度Alter native sources of en ergy 可替代资源Gas hydrate气体水合物Trap困住Flame火焰Potential潜在的Model模式Geological fault 地质断层Crack裂缝seismic gap地震活动空白地带postulate 假设chu nk大块cylinder 圆柱cylindrical圆柱形的ground tilt measureme nt地倾斜观测evacuate 撤出sedimentary adj.沉淀性的accumulate 积累商业In sura nee 保险Note注意Con tract 合约Verbal agreeme nt 口头协议Repay偿还In terest 利息Mercha nt 商人Cautious谨慎的Param ount极为重要的Manufacture 制造Label标签Conten ti on所持观点Inform告知Cost成本Profit利润loss损失Net净的，gross粗略的Supply and dema nd供求Supply chain 供应链Fluctuati on 浮动Recessi on 衰退Depressi on 萧条Marketi ng strategies 市场营销策略Survey调查Surplus 剩余Shipme nt 运输Distribution 分布Retail零售Whole sale 批发Franchise特许经营Budget预算哲学Socrates, Plato and AristotleTheme主题Logic逻辑Rhetoric 修辞Fun dame ntal causes基本原因Prin ciples of the uni verse 宇宙的原则Perceive看待，观察Percepti on 观点Sense感觉Soul 灵魂spiritEleme nt组成成分Reas oning 推理Ration理性,rational有理性的Con templati on 沉思，思考Judgme nt 判断Just公正的，justice公正Justify证明,justification合理的理由Explicit明确的Ethics道德规范Ethical theory 伦理理论Moral有道德的Ultimate truth 终极真理Uni versal普遍的Search for truth 追求真理Vary v.不相同Intrinsic内部的Extrinsic外部的Critic评论家Old-fashio ned 过时的Valuable有价值的Survive生存，存活Con servative 保守的Liberal开放的Impractical不实际的Empirical经验主义的Cog nitive认知的Weaken削弱Dimi nish （影响力）减小Medieval中世纪Ren aissa nee文艺复兴Doctrine教义，主义，学说Idealism唯心论，理想主义Epistemology n.认识论Metaphysics形而上学，玄学Reco ncile和解，调停天文学astronomy con stellati on 星座zodiac （星象学的星座）pla net行星sun恒星Jupiter 木星Pluto冥王星Satur n 土星Mercury 水星Mars火星Venus金星Nept une海王星Uranus天王星Ceres 谷物星（the largest asteroid and the first discovered）White dwarf 白矮星Big Dipper北斗七星Asteroid belt小行星带Milky Way银河系Galaxy n.星系orbit v.运行n.轨道rotate v. 转Axis n. 轴track n. 轨道outer space 外太空gravity n.重力equator n赤道tropical 热带的bright ness n 亮度dime nsion n.维度distance n. 距离Eclipse (日月食) Wane, diminish v. 逐渐变小Centripetal 向心Centrifugal 离心Nebula 星云(an immense cloud of gas (mainly hydrogen) and dust in interstellar space )Nebulous adj. 星云的Gas 气体(rock, ice, hydrogen, oxygen)Particle 微粒Polar light 极光Astronomical 天文的Astrophysics 天文物理学BigDipper 北斗七星Black hole 黑洞Celestial 天体的Celestial map 天体图Centrifugal force 离心力Chondrite 球粒状陨石Chromosphere太阳的色球层Clockwise 顺时针Cluster 星团，一群星星Comet 彗星Cosmos 宇宙, cosmetic宇宙的Cosmology宇宙学Emission 排放物，发射Faint 微弱的Feeble 微弱的Gaseous bodies 气态包Gravitational force 吸引力Greenwich mean time 格林尼治时间High resolution 高清晰度Ignite引燃川usive object幻影物体Image影响，形象Infinite无限的In frared ray 红外射线In terferometer 干扰仪In tergalactic 星系间的In ternatio nal date line国际日期变更线In terpla netary 星球间的In terstellar 星际的Leap year 闰年Light year 光年Luminosity 光亮度Lunar阴历的，月亮的Massive巨大的Meteor流星Meteor shower 流星雨Meteorite 陨石Meteoroid流星体Molten融化的Naked eye 裸眼Observatory 天文台Photosphere 光球层Pla netarium 天文馆Pla netoid小行星Polestar北极星Pseudoscie nee 伪科学Quasar类星体Radiation 辐射Revolution 旋转Rotati on 旋转Satellite 卫星Sky atlas天体图Solar corona 日冕Space debris太空垃圾Space shuttle太空飞船Space suit太空服Spin快速旋转Star cluster星群，星团Stellar星星的Sun spot太阳黑子Time differe nee 时差Time zone 时区表演艺术（舞蹈，电影，音乐etc.）Genre 艺术分类Performing art 表演艺术moder n dance piece现代舞concert 音乐会play 剧opera歌剧film 电影camera 摄影camera shot analytical 分析的parallel 平行的ballet 芭蕾舞choreographer 舞蹈指导Fine/visual arts 视觉艺术Abstract art 抽象艺术Ian dscape 风景photography 摄影exposure 曝光deveIop fiIm 冲洗胶卷negative n. 底片portrait(portray v. )肖像, 人像、stiII Iife 静物sculpture 雕塑statue 人物雕像lifelike 逼真的vivid anthem 国歌Critic 评论家Criticism 批评，评论Review n.评论Masterpiece 杰作Have aesthetic value 有美学价值Aesthetic appeal 美学吸引力Feature 特点Characteristics 特点Distinct adj. 与众不同的Unique 独一无二的Style 风格Technique 技巧Gallery n.画馆Editi on n.专辑Release v. 发行Debut n 首映Impressionist 印象主义者Impressionism 印象派Perspective 透视法An gle角度Press/Publish ing house出版社Acclaim v.盛赞mirage 海市蜃楼prolific 多产Preserve v.保存Ext inct adj.灭绝的，消失的文学Literature 文学Poetry诗歌biography 传记autobiography 自传detective stories 侦探小说drama戏剧novel小说Novelist小说家collecti on of short stories 短篇小说集Allegory 寓言Comparative literature 比较文学Diary 日t记Editorial社论，重要评论Fiction 小说Aestheticism 唯美Autobiography 自传Descriptive prose 描述散文Fairy tale 童话Futurism未来派Lege nd传说Literary studies 文学研究Narrative prose叙述性散文Podium讲台Prose散文Realism现实主义School of literature 文学派别Leadi ng character 主要角色Literary criticism 文学评论Literary studies 文学学习Modernism 现代主义Plot情节Poetry诗歌Prologue 前言Proverb 谚语Surrealism超现实主义美术Art gallery 艺廊Calligraphy 书法Imitating 模仿Landscape painting风景画Oil painting 油画Paste粘贴Crayo n蜡笔，粉笔，颜料Pigme ntatio n 颜料Canvas帆布Wax蜡Spectrum 光谱Perspective透视画法Poster海报Portrait 肖像Model模式，模特mural 壁画Pano rama全景Pastel draw ing 蜡笔画Sketch草图Autograph 手稿建筑Architecture 建筑学Architect建筑师Architectural style 建筑风格Art deco装饰艺术Art moder neGeometric patter ns 几何图形Arch拱门Castle城堡Cathedral大教堂Framing 结构Lobby n.大厅(entrance hall)Elevator n.电梯Fa?ade n.正面Stairs楼梯Interior内部的Exterior外部的Impressi oni stic style 印象派风格Mosque清真寺Pyramid金字塔Revival 复活Ren aissa nee文艺复兴Medieval中世纪Byzantine architecture 527 (Sofia)-1520 音乐Accompa niment 伴奏Audition试听，试表演Band music 乐队音乐Chord弦乐，弦Classical music 古典音乐Con certo协奏曲Lullaby催眠曲Duet二重奏Harm ony和弦，和谐Rock and roll 摇滚Seren ade小夜曲Solo独奏Son ata奏鸣曲Symph ony交响乐Ballad歌谣Folk music民间音乐Prelude 前奏Epilogue 尾声Score乐谱Note音符Notation乐谱，记号法Chord symbol和弦符号Lyrics歌词Tempo节奏Melody主旋律Rhythm节奏Tune旋律Con duct 指挥Violin小提琴Viola中提琴Cello大提琴Oboe双簧管Clari net单簧管krummhorn['kr ?mh?:n] n.变号（一种古双簧乐器） Harp竖琴考古an thropologist 人类学家ecological 生态的an thropologist生态人类学家archaeology 考古学an thropology 人类学morphology 形态学Ancient civilization 古代文明origin起源orig in ate起源于an cestor 祖先hominid 人（科）homoge neous同一种族（种类）的tribe部落cla n氏族archeologist考古学家excavati on 挖掘excavate （un earth）挖掘Scoop铲子ruins遗迹，废墟remai ns遗迹，遗骸artifact手工艺品pottery 陶器（potter） Porcelain 瓷器fossil化石relic遗物，文物Rock pain ti ng 岩石画an tique古物，古董antiquity 古代，古老skull颅骨Cran ial 颅骨的Sto ne Age石器时代Bronze Age （青）铜器时代Iron Age铁器时代Paleolithic旧石器时代的Mesolithic中石器时代的Neolithic新石器时代的Exhume挖掘Paleoa nthropology Prehistoric 史前的Primitive原始的动物微生物Ami no acid氨基酸Antibody 抗体Bacterium 细菌Biological age ncy Calcium 钙Carbohydrate碳水化合物Carbon dioxide 二氧化碳Cell细胞Chromosome 染色体Disinfection 消毒En zymes 酶Fatigue 疲惫Ferme ntati on 发酵Fun gus菌类Gene基因Gen etic engin eeri ng 基因工程学Glucose葡萄糖Immuno logy 免疫学In cubatio n 孵蛋Inflection 传染Malaria 疟疾Microbe微生物Nucleus细胞核On e-celled单细胞的Oxidation 氧化Parasitic ani mal 寄生动物Parasite disease寄生虫病Parasitology寄生虫学Pathogen病菌，病原体Protozoa原生动物San itati on 卫生Schistosomiaisis 血吸虫病Starch淀粉Sterilizati on 消毒Toxi n毒素Vacc ine 疫苗Virus 病毒Yeast酵母动物living organism 生物bacterium(pl.bacteria)细菌algae海藻coral珊瑚rode nt啮齿类动物primate灵长类动物ape猿chimpa nzee n.黑猩猩gorilla大猩猩mon key n.猴子mammal哺乳类动物dino saur n 恐龙bat (ecoloti on)蝙蝠(声波定位) sno wshoe hare 雪兔子raccoon 浣熊polar bear 北极熊snout （动物的）口鼻部;reptile 爬行类动物snake, cobra目艮镜蛇，rattle snake 响尾蛇lizard 蜥蜴,snail 蜗牛amphibian adj. 两栖动物crocodile 鳄鱼frog n. 青蛙tadpole 蝌蚪toad 蟾蜍pond 池塘puddle 水坑insect n 昆虫mosquito 蚊子fly 苍蝇cricket 蟋蟀grasshopper 蚱蜢honey beemonarch butterfly 大花蝶large migratory American butterfly having deep orange wings with black and white markings; the larvae feed on milkweed egg 卵larvae 幼虫caterpillar 毛虫pupa/ chrysalis 茧termite n. 白蚁marine adj. 海洋的beaver 狸whale 鲸shark 鲨鱼dolphin 海豚penguin 企鹅predator n. 捕食者prey n. 被捕食者aquatic adj.水生的shrimp 虾lobster 龙虾clam 蚌crab 螃蟹bird, humming birdartery 动脉scale 鳞片claw 爪, paw 爪子horn 角horm one荷尔蒙in testi ne 肠hive蜂巢polle n n.花粉polli nate v.授粉hiber nate 冬眠migrate v.迁徙com muni cate v.交流camouflage 保护色evolve进化evolutio n n.进化endotherm n温血动物,恒温动物poikilotherm n.冷血动物beak鸟嘴en zymes 酵母secreti on(n.) secrete(v.)分泌pan creas 胰腺odor 气味(还有aroma fragranee scent smell) gla nd腺体chromosome 染色体植物bota ny植物学bota nist植物学家tundra苔原;冻土地带,冻原fungus(pl. fungi ) 菌类laurel月桂chest nut tree 栗子树root 根branch 枝stem 茎algae(pl. alga)海藻orga nism有机物birch tree (bark)桦树crops谷物corn玉米maize玉米chlorophyll 叶绿素ami no acids 氨基酸protein蛋白质n itroge n 氮photos yn thetic(adj.) photos yn thesis( n.)光合作用liche n地衣，苔藓squash 南瓜one of a group of large vegetables with solid flesh and hard skins, such as PUMPKIN sbean豆类植物n ectar花蜜flower 花floral花的petal花瓣bloom开花blossom 花pollen花粉moss苔藓herbicide除草剂herb草本植物herbivorous 食草的classificati on 分类hierarchy 级另hazardous有毒害的Meteorology 气象meteorology 气象meteorologist 气象学家forecast (predict)预报climate 气候atmosphere 大气层troposphere 对流层Convection 对流Stratosphere 同温层Barometer气压计curre nt (气)流vapor蒸汽evaporate 蒸发damp (wet; moist; humid)潮湿的humidity 湿度moisture潮湿；水分saturate 饱和absorb吸收dew 露frost 霜fog (mist)雾smog烟雾droplet小水珠condense 浓缩crystal水晶体dow npour (torre ntial rain)大雨tempest (storm)暴风雨drizzle纟田雨shower阵雨hail冰雹blizzard (sno wstorm)暴风雪avala nche (sno wslide)雪崩precipitati on (雨、露、雪等)降水Thunder 雷Lightening 闪电breeze微风Blast大风gale大风whirlwind 旋风Cyclo ne旋风，飓风typho on 台风hurrica ne 飓风Mon soon 季风San dstor m沙尘暴Dust storm 沙尘暴torn ado (twister, cyclone)龙卷风Tropical depressio n 热带低气压Wind direction 风向Wind velocity 风速Wind scale 风力funnel漏斗，漏斗云cum uloni mbus 积雨云disaster (calamity, catastrophe)灾难devastati on 破坏submerge 淹没overwhelm v.淹没drought 干旱Avala nche 雪崩Balmy温和的Chilly寒冷的Frigid僵硬的，严格的Heat-wave 热浪Tepid adj.微温的环保en vir onmen tal protect ion 环境保护environmentally-friendly 环保的preserve v保护，保存污染：pollute, pollutio n, polluta nt con tam inant n 污染物con tam in ate v污染ecosystem 生态系统ecology n.生态学an tiseptic adj 防腐的atmospheric pollution 大气污染垃圾: rubbish, garbage, trash, waste, litter 处理: dispose of, burn, bury (landfill), recycle, reduce, reuse, dump回收:glass, paper, water, milk carton 牛奶盒, tyre, alu minium cans 铝罐, plastic bags, rubbish bags biodegradable packaging可降解包装, throwaway 可丢弃的disposable 可丢弃的discourage v. 不鼓励燃料none-renewable 不可再生的fossil fuels 矿石燃料: natural gas, coal, petroleum limited/finite natural resources 有限的自然资源alter native en ergy 替代能源, replace=substitute v取代wind power, hydropower 水电, solar (lunar) power太阳能, nu clear power 核能radioactivity n. 辐射性use up, deplete, exhaust v 用光，耗尽conserve v. 节省，节约, 污染: water pollution, air pollution, soil pollution 土壤污染, noise pollution soil erosion 土壤侵蚀soil pollution 土壤污染stain n污染，污点，玷污stink v.发出臭味tar n.焦油toxic chemical 有毒的化学物品fume n烟，气味light pollution 日光污染refuse废物sewage污水pesticide n 杀虫剂chemical waste 化学废料con gest v使充满危害动物:poaching非法打猎，盗猎, damage natural habitat破坏自然栖息地, rare breed稀有物种,endangered specie濒危物种, extinct adj.灭绝(die out, disappear), animal rights activist动物权益保护者， natural reserve(giant panda^熊猫)自然保护区, protect wild life保护野生动物， preserve v保护disastrous灾难性的，devastation破坏, have disastrous effect on 对。