• Move 2 Establishing a niche • Step 1A Counter-claiming, or • Step 1B Indicating a gap, or • Step 1C Question-raising, or • Step 1D Continuing a tradition
学术论文写作
RA Introductions 引言
• Introduction is designed to attract the reader’s attention. It usually provides the background of the research, highlights the present research by relating it to other studies, gives a brief sketch of the history of the research (i.e. what is already known), and explains the reason for the research (probably by stating the importance of the research). • Research articles introductions have their own features. In the course of writing, the author needs to re-establish the significance of the research field itself, to situate the reported research in terms of the significance and to show how this research position may be occupied and defended. Regardless of their length, RA introductions generally follow a certain structural organization which may be summarized in the light of a 3-Move model (Swales, 1990).
Step 1A (Counterclaim) Step 1B (Gap)
Step 1C
However, the use of … results in such a degree of spherical aberrations that radical design changes have become necessary. However, the use of … results in a significant amount of spherical aberrations …
• e.g. However, the use of a dielectric sphere as the focusing lens results in a significant amount of spherical aberrations in the local field, as indicated by Neelakantaswamy et al. in (9).
• Move 1 opens with Step 1 – Claiming centrality. Centrality claims are the appeals to the research community by which members are asked to accept that the research is part of a lively, significant research area, and are generally made by claiming interest or importance, referring to the classic, favorite or central character of the issue, or by claiming that there are many other investigators active in the area. • Topic generalization (Step 2) represents a more neutral kind of general statement than Step 1. It is generally of two categories: statements about knowledge or practice, or statements about phenomena.
• In reviewing literature (Step 3), the author needs to provide a specification of previous findings, and an attribution to the research workers who have published their results. There are two forms of attribution: integral and non-integral forms of citation. An integral citation is one in which the name of the researcher occurs in the actual citing sentence as some sentence element; in a non-integral citation, the researcher occurs either in parenthesis or is referred to elsewhere by a superscript number or via some other device.
However, it is not clear whether the use of … can be modified to reduce spherical aberrations to (Question) acceptable levels. Step 1D The remaining issue is to find a way of better (Continuation) controlling spherical aberrations.
Move 1 Establishing a territory (exemplified in) • Step 1 Claiming centrality, and/or • Step 2 Making topic generalizations, and/or • Step 3 Reviewing items of previous research Move 2 Establishing a niche • Step 1A Counter-claiming, or • Step 1B Indicating a gap, or • Step 1C Question-raising, or • Step 1D Continuing a tradition Move 3 Occupying the niche • Step 1A Outlining purposes, or • Step 1B Announcing present research • Step 2 Announcing principal findings • Step 3 Indicating RA structure
• Move 2 usually starts with an adversative sentence connectors (such as however, yet, unfortunately). The step options in Move 2 are signaled lexically by the verb (such as suffer, is limited to) or adjective phrases (such as time consuming, expensive), or negative quantifiers (such as no, little, few, neithns
Integral Brie (1988) showed that the moon is made of cheese. The moon’s cheesy composition was established by Brie (1988). Brie’s theory (1988) claims that the moon is made of cheese. Brie’s (1988) theory of lunar composition has general support. According to Brie (1988), the moon is made of cheese. Non-integral Previous research has shown that the moon is made of cheese (Brie, 1988). It has been shown that the moon is made of cheese (Brie, 1988). It has been established that the moon is made of cheese.[1-3] The moon is probably made of cheese (Brie, 1988). The moon may be made of cheese.[1-3]
• Many RA introductions end with a Move 3-Step 1. There are, however, two further options for a possible continuation. One is to follow up with a summary announcement for the major findings to be reported in details. The other is to indicate the structure of the remainder of the research article. If Step 3 occurs, it is always at the end of the introduction.