2018年寒假语法篇一、感叹句1. 感叹句通常有what, how引导，表示赞美、惊叹、喜悦、等感情。
what修饰名词，how 修饰形容词，副词或动词，2. 感叹句结构主要有以下几种：How+ 形容词或副词+主语+谓语How + 形容词+ a +名词+主语+谓语What + a/an+形容词+名词单数+ 主语+谓语What+ 形容词+复数名词+ 主语+谓语What+ 形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语What an interesting story it is! What fine weather it is! What beautiful flowers they are!【说明】在感叹句中，What a / an 常用来修饰单数可数名词，若其前面的形容词为元音开头，则用an。
what 是用来修饰复数可数名词和不可数名词。
但有些不可数名词，如rain, surprise, breakfast, lunch 等，当前面有形容词修饰，使抽象名词具体化时，则要用what a / an，如：What a heavy rain it is! What a great surprise it is! What a rich breakfast it is!3. 感叹句的省略常常省略的是充当主语的人称代词和动词be。
What a naughty boy（he is）!4. 陈述句变感叹句：陈述句变为感叹句，可遵循“一断、二加、三换位、四改号”的原则。
一断：将原来的陈述句断成两部分，在谓语动词后断开。
二加：加适当的感叹词，断开的后半部分的中心词如果是名词，则要加what；如果是形容词或副词，则要加how。
如有very, too, quite 等词应去掉。
三换位：把改变后第一、二部分前后调整位置。
注意句中有关单词的大小写。
四改号：把原来的句号改为感叹号。
He is a good student. ------ He is / a good student. ------ He is (what) a good student. ----- What a good student he is.------ What a good student he is！She works very hard. ---- She works / very hard. ---- She works (how) hard. ---- How hard she works.------ How hard she works!练一练：用what, what a/an, how填空：1. ________ nice skirt it is!2. ________ interesting the film is!3. ________ beautiful the park are!4. ________ delicious food it is!5. ________ careless the man is!6. ________ wonderful ideas!7. ________ lovely the baby is!8. ________ cold weather it is!9. ________ clever boy (he is)!10. _______ interesting film this is! 11. Look! _______fast the boy is running!12. _______cold day it was yesterday!13. _______heavy the box is! I can’t carry it.14. _______interesting story he told us!15. _______nice the mooncakes are!16. _______bad weather!17. _______clever children all of you are!18. _______important news that is!19. _______time flies!20. _______beautiful flowers you bought me!把下列句子改为感叹句：1.How lazy the boy is!2.What an exciting movie it is!3.What delicious apples they are!4.How pure the water is!5．What a careful woman she is!6．They are running fast.7．Her sister is a very lovely girl.选择题：1. _____________ fine the weather is! a. What a b. What c. How d. How a2. ______ food you’ve cooked! a. How a nice b. What a nice c. How nice d. What nice3. _____________ great fun they had! a. What a b. What c. How d. How a4. ____________ heavy rain it was! a. What a b. What c. How d. How a5. ___________ fun place to go Shanghai is! a. What a b. What c. How d. How a6. __________ happy life the old live! a. What a b. What c. How d. How a7. ____________ nice fish they cooked! a. What a b. What c. How d. How a8. ____________ blue the sky is! a. What a b. What c. How d. How a9. ______ useful work you did! a. What b. How c. What a d. How a10. _________ time you had! a. What good b. How good c. What a good d. How a good time11. ______ exciting moment it is! a. What b. How c. What a d. What an12. ______ nice shoes! a. What b. How c. What a d. How a13. ______ she sings! a. How well b. How good c. What well d. What good14. ______ fast the boys are running! a. What b. How c. What a d. How a15. ______ the school is! a. What big c. How big c. What a big d. How a big二、宾语从句1、概念：在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。
宾语从句分为三类：动词的宾语从句；介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。
宾语从句中要用陈述句的语序。
2、宾语从句的连接词1）从属连词主要有：that；if；whether。
that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句，that没有词汇意义，在从句中不充当任何句子成分，常省略；if和whether引导表示“是否”的宾语从句。
He told that he would go to the college the next year. Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.2）连接代词主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,which，whoever，whatever, whichever等，在从句中可充当主语、宾语等。
连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述.I don’t know whom you should depend on.我不知道你该依靠谁.The book will show you what the best CEOs know.3）连接副词主要有when, where, why, how等，在从句中充当状语。
He didn’t tell me when we should meet again.Could you please tell me how you get to the new hotel?None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.宾语从句的引导词的选择坚持两个原则：看这个引导词的具体词汇意义；看这个引导词是否在从句中充当句子成分。
3、动词的宾语从句1）大多数动词都可以带宾语从句。
2.）部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句。
I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out.Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip?3）动词短语也可以带宾语从句make sure确保make up one’s mind下决心keep in mind牢记Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.4、介词的宾语从句We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space.5、形容词的宾语从句常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有: sure, certain, glad, please, happy, sorry, afraid, satisfied, surprised.I am sure I will pass the exam. I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.6、if, whether在宾语从句中的区别①介词后一般不用if②whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以.③在不定式前只能用whether。