【26.As such,every new version of the product requires a redesign and trips through the foundry,an expensive proposition,and an impediment to rapid time-to-market.而且，每次推出一个新产品都需要重新设计并经历所有制造流程。

这样做不但造价昂贵，而且不利于迅速上市。

【2.Because of the very high open -loop voltage gain of the op-amp,the output is driven into positive saturation(close to+V)when the sample voltage goes slightly above the reference voltage ,and driven into negative saturation (close to -V)when the sample voltage goes slightly below the reference voltage .由于运放的开环电压增益很高，当取样电压略高于参考电压时，输出趋向于正向饱和状态（接近+V）。

当取样电压低于参考电压时，输出趋向于负向饱和状态（接近-V）。

【8.Both N-type and P-type semiconductors are made by treated materials,such as germanium and silicon with impurities such as arsenic and indium.N型半导体和P型半导体是利用杂质掺入纯净半导体而形成的，如将杂质砷和铟掺入锗和硅中。

【18.By comparison,most other forms of transmission systems convey the message information using the shape,or level of the transmitted signal;parameters that are most easily affected by the noise and attenuation introduced by the transmission path.相比之下，许多其他形式的传输系统是利用被传信号的波形或电平的高低来传送信息的，而这些参数又极易受到传输路径中的噪声和衰耗的影响。

【11. Digital transmission system-embodied by telegraph systems-were developed in the 1850s before analog systems-the telephone-in the twentieth century.以电报为代表的数字传输系统研发于19世纪50年代，早于以电话为代表的模拟系统，它是20世纪才开发的。

【24.Depending on the relationship between the signal frequencies and the sampling rate,spectral inversion may cause the shape of the spectrum in the baseband to be inverted from the true spectrum of the signal.根据信号频率和采样频率之间的关系的不同，可能出现“频谱反转”现象—基带频谱的形状和信号真实频谱的形状正好相反。

【6.Each element has a separate identity of its own,thatis,no two elements have the same physical and chemical properties,nor can an element be subdivided by ordinary physical and chemical means into simple element.每一种元素均有它自己的标识，也就是说，没有两个元素具有相同的物理和化学特性，一种元素也不能以普通的物理或化学方法被分为两种简单的元素。

【7.Eletrons whirl around nuclei in much the same manner that the planets of our solar system travel around the sun.The difference between an atom of one element and that of another is in the number of protons and neutrons contained in the nucleus.电子围绕原子核旋转，其方式类似于太阳系中行星围绕太阳旋转。

一种元素的原子和另一种元素的原子的差别在于其原子核中的质子数和中子数。

【16.Furthermore,we shall prove that a minimum theoretical sampling frequency of order 6.8 kilohertz(kHz)is required to convey a voice channel occupying the range 300 Hz to 3.4 kHz.而且我们将证明，为了变换频率范围为300Hz~3.4kHz的话路信号，理论上的最小采样频率为6.8kHz。

【17.For example,the signal received from a satellite,located in far outer space,is very weak and is at a level only slightly above that of the noise.例如，从位于遥远太空中的卫星接收到的信号极其微弱，其电平仅比噪声稍高一点。

【27.However,for applications in which the end product must process answers in real time,or must do so while powered by consumer batteries,GPPs comparatively poor real time performance and high power consumption all but rules them out.然而，在最终产品必须实时响应的应用中，或者必须在电池供电下实现实时响应的应用中，由于GPP实时性能较差、功耗大、因此就被排除在外了。

【4.Intergraded circuits are also classified according to their functions.Digital or logical IC are used as switches,they are either on or off.In computers the on and off states correspond to 0 or 1.Other IC is called linear or analog IC.也可根据其功能不同对集成电路进行分类。

数字IC（也称为逻辑IC）通常用作开关，表示接通或关断。

在计算机中，接通和关断状态分别对应“0”或“1”。

另一种IC被称为线性或模拟IC。

【13.In addition,the signal processor may also add parity bits to the digital word to provide channel coding so that error detection and correction can be used by the signal processor in the receiver to reduce or eliminate bit errors that are caused by noise in the channel.此外，信号处理器还可以给数码字加入奇偶校验位，即提供信道编码，使得接收机的信号处理器可以进行误码检测和纠错，以减少或消除由信道噪声所引起的误码。

【15.In these descriptions we shall see how a speech channel of telephone quality maybe conveyed as a series of amplitude valuse,each value being represented,thatis,coded,as a sequence of 8 binary digits.在这些讨论中，我们会看到话路中的语音信号是如何转换成一个幅值序列的，而每个幅值又被编码，即以8位二进制数的序列表示。

【25.If a universal microprocessor solution existed with which every design could realized,the electronics industry wouldn't be a very competitive place.假如存在可用以实现任何设计的通用微处理器的话，电子行业就不会竞争得如此激烈了。

【20. In digital communication systems,the modulating signal(e.g.,message)may be represented as a time sequence of symbols or pulses,where each symbol has m finite states.Each symbol represents n bits of information ,where n=log2 m bits/symbol.在数字通信系统中，调制信号（比如消息）用符号或者脉冲的时间序列来表示，每一个符号有m个有限状态。

每个符号表示n比特的信息，这里n=log2 m 比特/符号。

【30.Intensity is a measure of power per unit area,and even a laser that emits only a few milli-watts can produce a lot of intensity in a beam that's only a millimeter in diameter.强度是每单位面积上能量的度量，即使一个仅产生几毫瓦能量的激光器也能产生一个直径只有1毫米的高强度光束。