Lead in一般过去时导入:一般过去时的概念一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
I lost my pen.(过去时)I have lost my pen.(现在完成时)过去时一般表示过去所发生的动作或存在的状态。
“我把笔丢了”,说话人只是想告诉对方在过去的某一个时间里他的笔丢了,仅此而已。
(仅仅是在陈诉过去的一个事实,与现在没有关系)New lesson一.现在完成时的构成:助动词have/has(not) +动词过去分词She has turned on the lights.肯定式:have/ has+过去分词否定式:haven’t/hasn’t+过去分词疑问式:把have/has 提到主语前面肯定回答:Yes,…have/has否定回答:No,…..haven’t/hasn’t二.用法1.表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果.例如:She has gone. 她走了. She went in the past.(She is not herenow.)I have just cleaned my hands.我刚洗过手。
(“洗手”是发生在过去的动作,对现在造成的结果是“手干净了”)I have closed the door. (The door is close now.)She has turned on the lights. (The lights are on now.)He has written his name on the blackboard. (The name is on the blackboard now.)Mother has cooked the dinner. (We can have dinner now.)You have seen the film. (You know what the film is about.)We have cleaned the classroom. (The classroom is clean now.)2. 表示动作发生在过去,并且一直延续到现在,甚至还可能继续延续下去。
这时常和since所引导的短语或从句或for引导的短语连用(for有时可以省去)。
以及so far, by now, these days, in the last/past … years/days…等连用。
I have lived here for over ten years. (表示他现在还在这里居住,并且还有可能继续住下去)比较:I lived here ten years ago.(仅仅说明了他十年前在这里记住过的事实,不代表现在他还住在这里)He has studied here since 2006.都用How long 提问,例:We have learned English for three years.We have learned English since three years ago.-How long have you learned English?They have written 15 songs so far.Mr. Green has been in China these years.附:have been 与have gone 的用法比较1:“have been +in+地点名词”或“have been + 位置副词”的意思是“在某地呆过(多久)”.如:Mr. Green has been in China for many years. 格林先生在中国呆过好多年。
I have been here since I began to work. 我工作以来一直呆在这儿。
2:“have been + to +地点名词”或“have been+ 位置副词”意思是“曾经到过某地(多少次),已经到了某地”。
如:Miss Brown has been to Japan twice. 布朗小姐到日本去过两次。
Have you ever been here before? 你以前到过这吗?I have been to Xiamen.(我曾经去过厦门)3: “have gone to + 地点名词”或“have gone + 副词”意思是“在去某地的路上,还没有到”I have gone to Xiamen.(我已经在去厦门的路上了.)三.现在完成时句中常见的时间状语(一). just, already, yet, ever, never,before ,recently有此类副词时, 常强调动作完成, 不强调动作的持续.She has never /just/ already /ever eaten a Mango.He has ___just/ already______ come.I have finished your homework already.Have you milked the cow yet?He has not come yet.We have seen the movie before,我们以前看过这个电影其中just用于肯定句, 意为“刚刚”,already用于肯定句, 意为“已经”,yet用在疑问句中也意为“已经”,ever用于一般疑问句,意为“曾今”。
1.already意为“已经”,通常用于肯定句中,可放在助动词之后,过去分词之前,也可以放在句末。
实例:1)I've already read this book. 我已经读过这本书了。
(“读”这一动作发生在过去,对现在造成的影响是“知道书中的内容”。
)2)I've washed my clothes already.我已经洗了衣服。
(洗衣服的动作已完成,其结果是“衣服冼干净了”。
)注意:在表示吃惊或明知故问等感情色彩时,already也可用于(口语)疑问句中。
实例:3)Have you met him already ?你(真的)已经见过他了?2.yet用在疑问句中意为“已经”,用在否定句中意为“还”,常放在句末。
实例:1)—Has he found his watch yet ?他已经找到他的手表了吗?—No,not yet.不,还没有。
2)The woman hasn't found her dog yet .那位妇女还没有找到她的狗。
(没找到狗,心里着急,这就是对现在的影响)3.just意为“刚刚”,表示行为刚刚过去,常放在助动词与过去分词之间。
实例:He has just come back from school .他刚从学校回来。
注意just now 用于过去时4.ever意为“曾经”,用于疑问句或否定句中,放在助动词与过去分词之间。
实例:1)Have you ever been to Hong Kong ?你曾去过香港吗?2)I haven't ever spoken to her.我未曾和她说过话。
5.never意为“从来没有”常与before连用(before要放在句尾,而never多放在助动词与过去分词之间。
实例:I have never travelled by plane before.我以前从来没有乘飞机旅行过。
6.before意为“以前”,指过去不确定的某个时间,总是放在句末,不受句型的限制。
实例:1)Have you been to Hainan before ?你以前去过海南吗?2)I haven't eaten Guangdong food before.我以前没吃过广东菜(二)表示从过去一直持续到现在, 要用表示一段时间的时间状语来强调动作的持续,不能是具体过去时间。
for + 时间段如: for ten yearssince + 时间点如: since nine o’clocksince + 时间段+ ago 如: since ten years agosince + clause 主句现在完成时,从句一般过去时.如: since you came since you got home(三)现在完成时不能和明确表示过去的时间连用.如:yesterday / last year / two years ago / in 1999 / just now / on Sunday / on April Fool’s Day …四.一般过去时和现在完成时的区别1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。
2)过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。
(1)一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语(2)现在完成时的时间状语For + …, since + …, so far , up to/till now, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, in past years, always,(3)共同的时间状语this morning, tonight ,this April, now, once,before, already, recently,lately(4)不确定的时间状语3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的.如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
举例:I saw this film yesterday.(强调看的动作发生过了。
)I have seen this film.(强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了。
)Why did you get up so early?(强调起床的动作已发生过了。
)Who hasn't handed in his paper?(强调有卷子,可能为不公平竞争。
)She has returned from Paris.她已从巴黎回来了。
She returned yesterday.她是昨天回来了。
He has been in the League for three years.(在团内的状态可延续)He has been a League member for three years.(是团员的状态可持续)He joined the League three years ago.( 三年前入团,joined为短暂行为。