法律渊源 source of law普通法 common law制定法 statute大陆法 continental law判例法 case law; precedent罗马法系 Roman law system普通法 common law衡平法 equity; law of equity特别法 special law日尔曼法 Germantic law固有法 native law; indigenous law教会法 ecclesiastical law继受法 adopted law寺院法 canon law实体法 substantial law伊斯兰法 Islamic law程序法 procedural law民法法律规范 norm of civil law原则法 fundamental law授权规范 authorization norm例外法 exception law禁止规范 forbidding norm司法解释 judicial interpretation义务性规范 obligatory norm习惯法 customary law命令性规范 commanding norm公序良俗 public order and moral自然法 natural law民法基本原则 fundamental principles ofcivil law罗马法 Roman Law平等原则 principle of equality私法 private law自愿原则 principle of free will公法 public law公平原则 principle of justice市民法 jus civile等价有偿原则 principle of equal value 万民法 jus gentiumexchange民法法系 civil law system诚实信用原则 principle of good faith英美法系 system of Anglo-American law行为 act大陆法系 civil law system作为 ac不作为 omission原权 antecedent right合法行为 lawful act救济权 right of relief违法行为 unlawful act支配权 right of dominion民事权利权利能力 civil right请求权 right of claim绝对权 absolute right物上请求权 right of claim for real thing 相对权 relative right形成权 right of formation优先权 right of priority撤销权 right of claiming cancellation先买权 preemption否认权 right of claiming cancellation专属权 exclusive right解除权 right of renouncement非专属权 non-exclusive right代位权 subrogated right人身权利 personal right选择权 right of choice人权 human right承认权 right of admission人格权 right of personality终止权 right of termination生命健康权 right of life and health抗辩权 right of defense姓名权 right of name一时性抗辩权 momentary right of defense名称权 right of name永久性抗辩权 permanent counter-argument肖像权 right of portraitureright自由权 right of freedom不安抗辩权 unstable counter-argument名誉权 right reputationright隐私权 right of privacy同时履行抗辩权 defense right ofsimultaneous performance私生活秘密权 right of privacy既得权 tested right贞操权 virginity right期待权 expectant right身份权right of status亲权 parental power; parental right意思表示一致 meeting of minds; consensus 亲属权 right of relative完全行为能力 perfect capacity for act探视权 visitation right限制行为能力 restrictive capacity for配偶权 right of spouseact荣誉权 right of honor准禁治产人 quasi-interdicted person权利的保护 protection of right保佐 protection公力救济 public protection 自治产人 minor who is capable of administering his own capacity私力救济 self-protection无行为能力 incapacity for act权利本位 standard of right禁治产人 interdicted person社会本位 standard of society自然人 natural person无责任行为 irresponsible right公民 citizen正当防卫 justifiable right; ligitimate住所 domiciledefence防卫行为 act of defence居所 residence自为行为 self-conducting act经常居住地 frequently dwelling place 紧急避险 act of rescue; necessity户籍 census register自助行为 act of self-help监护 guardianship不可抗力 force majeure个体工商户 individual business意外事件 accident 农村承包经营户 leaseholding rural household行为能力 capacity for act合伙 partnership意思能力 capacity of will合伙人 partner民事行为 civil act合伙协议 partnership agreement意思表示 declaration of intention合伙财产 property of partnership合伙债务 debt of partnership中外合作企业 Sino-foreign contractual入伙 join partnershipenterprise退伙 withdrawal from partnership社团法人 legal body of mass organization 合伙企业 partnership business财团法人 legal body of financial group establishment联营 joint venture个人合伙 partnership法人型联营 association of legal persons 法人合伙 partnership of legal person合伙型联营 coordinated management in 特别合伙 special partnershippartnership普通合伙 general partnership 协作型联营 cooperation-type coordinated management有限合伙 limited partnership合作社 cooperative民事合伙 civil partnership民事法律行为 civil legal act隐名合伙 sleeping partnership; dormant单方民事法律行为 unilateral civil legal partnershipact私营企业 private enterprise;双方民事法律行为 bilateral civil legal proprietorshipact法人 legal person多方民事法律行为 joint act civil legal 企业法人 legal body of enterprise act企业集团 group of enterprise有偿民事法律行为 civil legal act with 关联企业 affiliate enterpriseconsideration个人独资企业 individual business 无偿民事法律行为 civil legal act without consideration; civil legal act withoutestablishmentaward国有独资企业 solely state-owned实践性民事法律行为 practical civil enterpriselegal act中外合资企业 Sino-foreign joint venture法律翻译公司enterprise诺成性民事法律行为 consental civil乘人之危 taking advantage of others’legal act precarious position要式民事法律行为 formal civil legal act以合法形式掩盖非法目的 legal form 不要式民事法律行为 informal civil legalconcealing illegal intentionact恶意串通 malicious collaboration要因民事法律行为 causative civil legal重大误解 gross misunderstandingact显失公平 obvious unjust不要因民事法律行为 noncausative civil误传 misrepresentationlegal act主民事法律行为 principal civil legal代理 agency act从民事法律行为 accessory civil legal本人 principal act附条件民事法律行为 conditional civil被代理人 principallegal act受托人 trustee附期限民事法律行为 civil legal act with代理人 agentterm本代理人 original agent生前民事法律行为 civil legal act before法定代理人 statutory agent; legal agent death死后民事法律行为 civil legal act after委托代理人 agent by mandatedeath指定代理人 designated agent准民事法律行为 quasi-civil legal act复代理人 subagent无效行为 ineffective act再代理人 subagent可撤销民事行为 revocable civil act转代理人 subagent违法行为 illegal act; unlawful act代理权 right of agency侵权行为 tort授权行为 act of authorization欺诈 fraud授权委托书 power of attorney胁迫 duress代理行为act of agency委托代理 agency by mandate本代理 original agency复代理 subagency次代理 subagency有权代理 authorized agency表见代理 agency by estoppel; apparent agency律师代理 agency by lawyer普通代理 general agency全权代理 general agency全权代理委托书general power of attorney共同代理 joint agency独家代理 sole agency居间 brokerage居间人 broker行纪 commission; broker house信托 trust时效 time limit; prescription;limitation时效中止 suspension ofprescription/limitation时效中断 interruption oflimitation/prescription时效延长 extension of limitation 取得时效 acquisitive prescription时效终止 lapse of time; termination of prescription期日 date期间 term涉外民事关系 civil relations withforeign elements冲突规范 rule of conflict准据法 applicable law; governing law反致 renvoi; remission转致 transmission识别 identification公共秩序保留 reserve of public order法律规避 evasion of law国籍 nationality国有化 nationalization法律责任 legal liability民事责任 civil liability/responsibility行政责任 administrativeliability/responsibility刑事责任 criminalliability/responsibility违约责任 liability of breach of contract; responsibility of default有限责任 limited liability无形损失intangible damage/loss无限责任 unlimited liability财产损失property damage/loss按份责任 shared/several liability人身损失personal damage/loss连带责任 joint and several liability精神损失spiritual damage/loss过失责任 liability for negligence;民事责任承担方式methods of bearing negligent liability civil liability过错责任 fault liability; liability forfault单独过错 sole fault共同过错 joint fault混合过错 mixed fault被害人过错 victim’s fault第三人过错 third party’s fault推定过错 presumptive fault恶意 bad faith; malice故意 deliberate intention; intention; willfulness过失 negligence重大过失 gross negligence疏忽大意的过失 careless and inadvertent negligence过于自信的过失negligence with undue assumption损害事实 facts of damage有形损失 tangible damage/loss 停止侵害 cease the infringing act排除妨碍 exclusion of hindrance; removal of obstacle消除危险 elimination of danger返还财产 restitution of property恢复原状 restitution; restitution oforiginal state赔偿损失 compensate for a loss;indemnify for a loss支付违约金 payment of liquidated damage消除影响 eliminate ill effects恢复名誉 rehabilitate one’ s reputation赔礼道歉 extend a formal apology物权 jus ad rem; right in rem; real right物权制度 real right system; right in rem system一物一权原则 the principal of One thing, One Right物权法定主义 principal of legality ofright in rem物权公示原则 principal of public summons of right in rem物权法 jus rerem物 property生产资料 raw material for production生活资料 means of livelihood; means of subsistence流通物 res in commercium; a thing in commerce限制流通物 limited merchantable thing禁止流通物 res extra commercium; a thingout of commerce资产 asset固定资产 fixed asset流动资产 current asset; floating asset动产 movables; chattel不动产 immovable; real estate特定物 res certae; a certain thing种类物 genus; indefinite thing可分物 res divisibiles;divisible things不可分物 res indivisibiles; indivisiblethings主物 res capitalis; a principal thing 从物 res accessoria; an accessory thing 原物 original thing孳息 fruits天然孳息 natural fruits法定孳息 legal fruits无主物 bona vacatia; vacant goods; ownerless goods遗失物 lost property漂流物 drifting object埋藏物 fortuna; hidden property货币 currency证券 securities债券 bond物权分类 classification of right inrem/real right自物权 jus in re propria; right of full ownership所有权 dominium; ownership; title所有权凭证 document of title; title of ownership占有权 dominium utile; equitable ownership使用权 right of use; right to use of收益权 right to earnings; right t o yields 处分权 right of disposing; jusdispodendi善意占有 possession in good faith恶意占有 malicious possession按份共有 several possession共同共有 joint possession他物权 jus in re aliena用益物权 real right for usufruct使用权 right to use; right of use土地使用权 right to the use of land林权 forest ownership采矿权 mining ownership经营权 managerial authority; power of management承包经营权 right to contracted management相邻权 neighboring right; relatedright 地上权 superficies永佃权 jus emphyteuticum; right to landed estate granted in perpetuity through a contract地役权 servitude; easement人役权 servitus personarum; personal servitude担保物权 real right for security 物的瑕疵担保 warranty against defect ofa thing抵押权 hypotheca; hypothecation; rightto mortgage抵押权的设定 creation of right tomortgage抵押人 mortgagor抵押权人 mortgagee抵押标的物 collateral; estate under mortgage抵押权的效力 deffect of right tomortgage抵押权的次序 sequence of right to mortgage抵押权的抛弃 abandonment of right to mortgage抵押权的让与 alienation of right to mortgage抵押权的实现 materialization of right to mortgage抵押权的消灭 extinction of right tomortgageregistration of estateunder mortgage抵押物登记 registration of estate under mortgage抵押优先权 priority of mortgage物的担保 security for thing留置权lien一般留置权 general lien主债prime/principal obligation 特别留置权 special lien从债accessory obligation质权 hypotheque; pledge; right of pledge单一之债single obligation佃权 tenant right按份之债several obligation连带之债 joint obligation债权 jus in personam; right to give or procure; claim; creditor’s right债权人 creditor债务人 debtor相对人 counterpart; offeree给付 give; pay债务 debt; liability; obligation债务的偿还 payment of debt债务的偿清 discharge of debt债务的担保 guarantee of debt债务的合并 consolidation of debt债务的给付日期debt maturity债务的免除 exemption of debt债的分类 obligatio; obligation法定之债 legal obligation任意之债 voluntary obligation简单之债 simple obligation选择之债 alternative obligation 特定之债 certain obligation种类之债 indefinite obligation合同之债 contractual obligation侵权行为之债 tort obligation损害赔偿之债 obligation of compensation for injury; obligation of damages人身损害 damage to person精神损害 moral/mental/spiritual damage 医药费 hospital treatment expense医疗费 medical charge抚恤金 pension慰问金 consolation money产品瑕疵 defect of product不当得利 unjust enrichment无因管理 voluntary service债的担保 guarantee of obligation财产担保 property guarantee信用担保 credit guarantee让与担保 alienation guarantee保证 guaranty明示保证 express guaranty默示保证 implied guaranty保证人 guarantor保证合同 contract ofguaranty/suretyship保证金 guaranty bond; security deposit押金 deposit; foregift预付款 advanced payment定金 earnest money; deposit违约金 liquidated damages法定违约金 liquidated damages by law约定违约金 liquidated damages by agreement债的履行 performance of obligation实际履行原则 doctrine of specific performance情事变更原则 doctrine of change of circumstances不当履行 misfeasance清偿 discharge; satisfaction提存 debtor ’s submission of the subject matter of obligation to competent authority 抵销 setoff知识产权 intellectual property知识产权国际保护 internationalprotection of intellectual property国民待遇原则 doctrine of national treatment优先权原则 a right of priority doctrine自动保护原则 doctrine of automatic protection特许权使用费 royalties智力成果 intellectual property著作权 copyright版权 copyright著作权人 copyright owner创作 creation作品 opus; product; work著作人格权 right of personality of copyright发表权 right of publication署名权 right of authorship; right of paternity修改权 right of modification; right of revision完整性保持权 right to maintain integrity不可侵犯权 inviolability新颖性 novelty收回权 right of recall; right of创造性 creativityretrieval实用性 practicability自费出版 publish a book at the author’发明创造 invention and creations own expense实用新型 utility model著作财产权 property right in work外观设计 design; industrial design使用收益分享权 right to share usufruct发明权 right of invention利用权 right to make use of发现权 right of discovery获得报酬权 right to get payment专利申请 patent application重播权 right of rebroadcasting专利异议 objection to a patent录制权 right of fixation专利公告 patent gazette机械复制权 right of mechanograph; rightof mechanical reproduction专利续展费 renewal fee of patent著作邻接权 neighboring right of专利许可协议 patent licensing agreement copyright技术诀窍 know-how剽窃 plagiary; plagiarism专有技术 know-how盗版 pirate专利证书 certificate of patent盗版 VCD pirated VCD专利事务所 patent office伪造 forge专利代理 patent agency工业产权 industrial property中华人民共和国专利局 Patent Office of 专利权 patent right the People ’s Republic of China优先权日 priority date商标权 trademark right申请在先原则 prior application rule商标国际注册 international registrationof trademark使用在先 priority of use商品商标 commodity trademark服务商标 service trademark重婚 bigamy驰名商标 reputed trademark独生子女 only child广告商标 advertisement trademark法律婚 legal marriage近似商标 similar trademark非婚生子女 illegitimate child商标评审委员会 trade review and夫妻共同财产 community property appraisal board夫妻关系 conjugal relationship商标审查 trademark examination夫妻分居 divorce a mensa et thoro;商标侵权 trademark infringement divorce from bed and board商标注册 registered trademark复婚 resumption of marriage商标公告 trademark gazette感情破裂 incompatibility注册商标使用许可 licensing of婚后财产公证 notarization of registered trademark postnuptial properties注册商标转让 assignment of registered婚姻登记 marriage registration trademark婚生子女 ligitimate child商标使用许可协议 trademark licensing计划生育 birth controlagreement商标事务所 trademark office结婚 marry商标代理 trademark agency离婚 divorce买卖婚姻 mercenary marriage婚姻、家庭、继承、收养 marriage, family,拟制血亲 blood relations in fiction of lawinheritance, adoption婚姻法 marital law; marriage law 旁系血亲 collateral relation blood relation包办婚姻 arranged marriage涉外婚姻 marriage with foreign elements财产分割 partition; dismemberment of配偶 spouseproperty事实婚 de facto marriage subrogation诉讼离婚 divorce by litigation世袭继承 hereditary succession探视权 visitation right间接继承 indirect succession同居 cohabitation转继承 subsuccession晚婚 late marriage共同继承 joint succession无效婚姻 void marriage单独继承 single succession协议离婚 divorce by agreement继承人 heir; successor一夫一妻制 monogamy第二顺序继承人 successor second in order 早婚 early marriage第一顺序继承人 successor first in order直系血亲 lineal descent继承参与人 succession participant自然血亲 natural blood relation遗产 inheritance; heritage收养法 adoption law遗产继承人 heir to property; inheritor收养协议 adoption agreement遗言 last will and testament收养人 adoptive parent遗书 last words送养人 person or institutionplacing out遗赠 bequest; legacy; devisea child for adoption遗赠抚养协议 legacy-support agreement涉外收养 adoption with foreign elements继承法 inheritance law; law of会计法 accounting lawsuccession税法 tax law; taxation law法定继承 legal seccession反不正当竞争法 anti-unfair competition遗嘱继承 intestate successionlaw遗赠继承 succession by devise消费者权益保护法 consumer ’s interest自然继承 natural succession protection law代位继承 representation; succession by产品责任法 production liability law消费者权益法 consumer rights and companyinterests law募集设立 incorporation by stock公司法 company law; corporate law floatation公司 company; corporation发起人 floater; initiator有限责任公司 limited liability company公司名称 name of company股份有限公司 company limited by shares公司住址 domicile of company无限公司 unlimited company出资 contribution; capital subscription股份两合公司 joint stock limited现金出资 investment in cashliability partnership实物出资 investment in kind两合公司 joint liability company工业产权出资 investment in industrial控股公司 holding company property right集团公司 group company非专有技术出资 investment in non-patent 合资公司 joint venture companytechnology联营公司 associated company; affiliated劳务出资 investment in laborcompany高新技术成果出资 investment in hi-tech 国营公司 state-own companyachievements国有公司 state-owned company注册资本 registered capital民营公司 civilian-run company实缴资本 paid-in capital本国公司 national/domestic company验资报告 capital verification report外国公司 foreign company 会计师事务所 certified public accountants上市公司 listed company注册会计师 certified public accountant 母公司 parent company资本三原则 three doctrine of capital子公司 subsidiary资本确定原则 doctrine of capital皮包公司 briefcase company; fundless determination资本维持原则 doctrine of capital股本 stock capitalmaintenance股东 shareholder资本不变原则 doctrine of unchanging股东大会 shareholders ’ meeting capital最低资本额制度 minimum capital system 股东大会决议 resolution of shareholders ’ meeting公司章程 articles of association;股东大会议事规则 rule of procedure of articles of incorporation; bylawshareholders ’ meeting公司登记 incorporation; corporate表决权 voting right; right to vote registration公司存续 existence of company董事 director公司合并分立 merger and split of company董事长 president/chairman of the board 公司并购 corporate merger and首席执行官 chief executive officer(CEO)acquisition首席运营官 chief operation officer(COO)公司管理 corporate governance; company执行董事 executive director management常务董事 managing director公司法律顾问 corporate counsel董事会 board of directors公司整顿 company rectification董事会领导下的经理负责制公司歇业 closure of business responsibility system of the chief公司和解 company composition executive officer under the leadership of the board of directors公司解散 company dissolution经理独立负责制 manager independent 公司清算 company liquidation responsibility system公司清理 company winding-up监事 supervisor竞业禁止 non-commpete; competition监事会 board of supervisors prohibition股 share; stock招股章程 prospectus普通股 common stock特别股 special stock证券交易所 stock exchange资格股 qualification stock证券商 securities dealer优先股 preferred stock证券公司 securities company劣后股 inferior stock证券承销商 consortium of underwriters表决权股 stock with voting power证券承销合同 underwriting contract溢价股 premium stock证券经纪人 securities broker折价股 converting stock披露制度 disclosing system国家股 state-owned share交割日 closing date集体股 collective share 法人股 corporate风险投资基金 venture capital fundshare上海证券交易所 Shanghai Stock Exchange企业股 enterprise share深圳证券交易所 Shenzhen Stock Exchange个人股 individual share证券监督委员会 securities supervision股息 dividend committee红股 bonus stock; dividend stock票据法 law of negotiable instrument法定公积金 legal accumulation fund票据 notes; bills; commercialinstruments资本公积金 capital accumulation fund商业票据 bill; commercial instrument盈余公积金 surplus accumulation fund远期票据 time bill;; long-dated bill任意公积金 optional accumulation fund到期票据 matured bill公司犯罪 corporate crime即期票据 sight bill记名票据 bill payable to order; note to证券法 securities laworder证券发行 issuance of securities不记名票据 bearer instrument证券上市 list securities;float an issue本票 promissory note支票 cheque再追索人 renewed recourser汇票 bill of exchange前手 remote holder发票日 ticket day后手 subsequent endorser出票日 date of draft/issue票据权利 right of bill发票地 place of draft/issue票据期限 term of bill; tenor票据到期日 bill to mature票据债务人 debtor of commercial 票据金额 sum of billinstrument票面价额 face value追索权 right of recourse票据出票人 drawer票据抗辩 exception to bill票据持票人 bill holder票据丧失 loss of bill票据承兑人 bill acceptor票据时效 prescription of exchanges 票据行为 act on commercial paper票据贴现 discount of bill承兑票据 honor a bill再贴现 rediscount of bill票据议付 negotiation恩惠期间 term of benevolence拒付票据 protest a bill 票据代理 agency fornotes/bills/commercial instruments票据付款人 drawee票据支付人 payer on commercial海商法 maritime lawinstrument票据收款人 bill collector船舶国籍证书 certificate of registry;certificate of ship’s nationality票据背书人 endorser/indorser of a bill船棋国 flag country被背书人 endorsee船舶所有权证书 certificate of ship 票据保证人 bill guarantor ownership票据被保证人 bill pledgee/warrantee船舶检验 register of ship船舶保险 insurance on hull共同海损优先权 priorityclaim to general 船舶保险单 hull insurance policyaverage船舶登记证书 certificate of registry服务优先权 priority claim to service船舶丈量 tonnage measurement of ships 货物损害优先权 priority claim to cargo damage船舶进港费 groundage传播抵押借款和货物抵押借款优先权船舶抵押 ship mortgage priority claim to ship credit and goods 船舶租赁 ship charteringcredit船舶转租 ship subchartering海运合同 shipping contract船舶所有人责任限制 limitation of提单 bill of lading(B/L)liabilities of ship owners空舱费 dead freight船舶碰撞 ship collision租船费 charterage船舶遇难 maritime distress租船合同 charter-party contract of海上灾难 perils of the seaaffreightment海上拖航 marine towage期租船合同 time charter-party; time CP 船舶扣押 detention of ship航次租船合同 voyage charter-party船舶债权 ship ’s credit定期租船合同 time charter-party船级社 classification society 光船租船合同 bareboat charter-party; bareboat CP船级证书 certificate of class包租运输合同 shipping charter-party海上留置权 maritime lien海上旅客运输合同 contract for carriage 船舶留置权 maritime lien of passengers by sea船舶抵押权 maritime mortgage远洋拖带合同 contract of ocean towage 海上优先请求权 priority claim to港内拖带合同 contract of port towageseagoing ships海难救助合同 salvage contract救助优先权 priority claim to salvage海事报告 master ’ s protest;;sea protest 海事声明书 sea protest海事争议 maritime dispute海事法院 maritime court;; admiraltycourt海事诉讼程序 maritime proceedings船舶碰撞案件的民事管辖权 civil jurisdiction of sea collision船舶碰撞案件的刑事管辖权 criminal jurisdiction of sea collision海事争议的审理 hearing/trial ofmaritime disputes海事诉讼保全措施 measures for maritime attachment海事优先请求权preferential right top maritime claim海事请求保全申请书application/petition formaritime attachment海事诉讼法律文书送达service of legal instruments in maritimeaction/proceedings涉外海事诉讼管辖权 jurisdiction ofmaritime action involving for elements强制变卖被扣押船舶 compulsory realization of the distrained ship海事仲裁程序规则rules of maritime arbitration procedure保险法 insurance law自愿保险 voluntary insurance强制保险 compulsory insurance商业保险 commercial insurance财产保险 property insurance人身保险 personal insurance人寿保险 life insurance健康保险 health insurance意外保险 accident insurance社会保险 social insurance养老保险 endowment insurance医疗保险 medical insurance失业保险 unemployment insurance信用保险 credit insurance保证保险 guaranty insurance保险合同 insurance contract保险人 insurer; underwriter被保险人 the insured受益人 benificiary投保人 applicant for insurance;; policy holder保险单 insurance policy保险标的 insurance object保险费 premium保险期限 time limit of insurance保险利益 insurable interest保险金额 insurance; insurance compensation保险事故 insurance accident保险赔偿 insurance indemnity保险代理人 insurance agent保险经纪人 insurance broker索赔 claim代位索赔 claim by subrogation理赔 settlement of claim代位求偿权 right of subrogation委付 abandonment退保 cancellation/discharging of insurance。