格林-巴利综合征的临床分型
Elements of Axonal Degeneration:
• Electrophysiological criteria for axonal degeneration in GBS (13) • Pathological criteria for axonal degeneration (14)
Subclassification of the GBS
Motor-Sensory GBS (about 75% of GBS in Western Countries) Pure Motor GBS (about 20% of GBS in Western Countries) The Miller-Fisher Variant of GBS (about 3% of GBS in Western Countries)
1 Subacutely developing flaccid paralysis. 2 Weakness starts from the onset at both sides of the body and there is a strong tendency for symmetry. 3 The myotatic reflexes decrease and usually disappear entirely. 4 Other causes for rapidly developing flaccid weakness should be highly unlikely based upon history and if necessary additional tests.
AIDP(急性炎症性脱髓鞘性多神经病):感觉运动均有受累, 可伴有一定轴索损害,但轻微可逆。通常无肌肉萎缩,预后 较好。肌电图早期发现部分患者有 CMAP 波幅减低,但很快恢 复,与神经兴奋性丧失和/或远端神经肌肉接头传导阻滞有关。 AMAN (急性运动性轴索性神经病):无感觉异常,早期即可 出现肌肉萎缩,部分预后好。肌电图早期可见 CMAP波幅减低, 恢复慢或不恢复,后期出现慢性代偿反应。 AMSAN(急性感觉运动轴索性神经病):感觉亦可受累,但肌 肉萎缩出现早,预后最差。肌电图还可见SNAP波幅下降。 全植物神经功能不全:主要累及植物神经,伴有腱反射减低 和脑脊液改变。 纯感觉型:腱反射减低和深浅感觉受累,肌电图可见感觉传 导异常,包括 SNAP波幅减低和传导速度减慢,运动传导也有 受累。 疼痛为主型:小纤维受累,脑脊液蛋白-细胞分离,伴有浅感 觉受累,深感觉正常,腱反射正常,肌电图改变不明显。
The diagnosis is probable if in addition to the general criteria for GBS criteria 13a and 13b are fulfilled.
The diagnosis is possible if in addition to the general criteria for GBS criterion 13c is fulfilled.
GBS变异型的诊断标准
Asbury标准(1990年):未述及变异型,其采用变异型这 个词是指不典型表现者
诊断GBS必须的特点
• 四肢无力 • 腱反射丧失
高度支持GBS诊断的特点
• 临床表现 • 脑脊液 • 电生理
怀疑GBS诊断的特点 排除GBS诊断的特点
欧洲标准(2000年)
Necessary Criteria for the Clinical Diagnosis of GBS
欧洲疫苗不良反应监测协作组的GBS定义(2010) Brighton Collaboration GBS Working Group
GBS
MFS
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Ann Neurol 1998; 44: 780–88. Brain 1995; 118: 597–605.
Criteria for Demyelinating GBS.
The diagnosis is definite if in addition to the general criteria for GBS criterion 11 or 12 is fulfilled. Comment: The demyelinating form may show in addition axonal characteristics in the EMG or in the pathology.
特殊类型
腱反射亢进的GBS
GBS早期因神经受到刺激而可出现腱反射轻微亢进,但短暂,难发现。 部分GM1抗体阳性或有传导阻滞的患者表现为持续性腱反射轻微亢进,从发病开始就出 现,通常为纯运动受累,肌力高于3级,磁刺激可发现中枢传导异常,可能与感觉不受 累且运动受累轻微,反射弧较完整或反射弧的中间神经元失去抑制所致。 最初腱反射减低变成亢进要考虑到脑干病变,包括合并脑干脑炎等脱髓鞘反应。
Electrophysiological criteria degeneration in GBS are:
A decreased CMAP with distal stimulation.
for
axonal
The absence of any abnormality compared to normal in all parameters of conduction mentioned under criterion 11 in all nerves investigated with a minimum of 3 nerves; the only exception being decrease in conduction velocity at well-known places for compression neuropathy. The absence of any of the 6 elements mentioned under criterion 11 for demyelination in all nerves investigated with a minimum of 3 nerves.
Other Elements Characteristic for GBS, But with Very Limited Diagnostic Value: They May Add to the Diagnosis if Criterion 4 Is Uncertain
In the cerebrospinal fluid, the total protein content rises and the cell count is either normal or only slightly raised. The electrophysiological investigation supports a polyneuropathy *. * J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995;59:482–486.
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目前常用的电生理标准
诊断思路
GBS诊断的核心标准
临床
• • • •
实验室
4周内达到高峰期并开始稳定或好转 对称性肢体无力 腱反射减低或丧失 排除其他诊断
• 脑脊液蛋白-细胞分离 • 肌电图显示传导速度减慢、远端潜伏期延长、波形离散、F波 出现率减低和潜伏期延长、传导阻滞;对轴索型尚无可靠的电 生理支持证据。
根据受累部位的分类
Miller Fisher 综合征(眼外肌麻痹 - 腱反射减低 - 共济失 调三联征)
伴有脑干脑炎(眼球上下注视受累、脑电图异常、MRI在脑干的轻微片状异常、短暂病 理征) 与GBS其他部位受累重叠 单纯眼外肌麻痹 伴有瞳孔散大 共济失调和腱反射减低(GQ1b和GD1b有抗体的交叉反应)
Criteria for Primary Axonal GBS.
The diagnosis is definite if in addition to the general criteria for GBS criterion 14 is fulfilled and if criteria 11 and 12 are not applicable.
The Bulbar Variant of GBS (about 2% of GBS in Western Countries)
Demyelinating or Primary Axonal Forms of GBS
Elements of Demyelination:
• Electrophysiological criteria for demyelination in GBS (11) • Pathological criterion: demyelination in biopsy or autopsy (12).
原则
在各种临床受累局限的变异患者,很难发现脑脊液异常,但电 生理异常(如MFS可以发现感觉神经传导异常)和腱反射丧失是 最重要的提示,可以诊断很可能的GBS。 需要排除老年、糖尿病或其他周围神经病、低钾血症。 在腱反射亢进的患者,要排除中枢受累,必要时进行磁刺激检 查,如果脑脊液发现蛋白-细胞分离,可诊断很可能的GBS。 在GBS的诊断中,要考虑到病程和受累范围,病程早期和受累局 限者的脑脊液蛋白和电生理可以正常,病程后期脑脊液和电生 理异常的出现率明显增高。脑脊液蛋白水平持续性增高提示 CIDP 的可能。电生理恢复慢或者恢复差,不能作为 CIDP 的提示。 随访观察,病程符合 GBS 且无复发者,随访时间越长,诊断 GBS 的可靠性越大。 受累局限或腱反射亢进者诊断GBS要有至少一项辅助检查异常。