第一模块A.动词:将来动作的表达法(be+ing)be going to和will+动词的形式表示将来意义,现在进行时有时也用来表示按计划或按安排即将发生的动作。
这种结构的只适用与一部分动词:go arrive come leave start stay return play do have work wear spend see meet等B.直接引语与间接引语1.陈述句1>.人称的变化2>.时态的变化:除过去完成时不变外,所有时态均变为对应的过去时3>.指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化:this-that these-those now-then ago-before today-that dayyesterday-the day before tomorrow-the following daythe day after tomorrow-in two days’ timecome-go here-there the day before yesterday-two days earlier直接引语如果是客观真理,变间接引语时时态不变;如果在当天转述的动词的变格也取消2.祈使句:要将其诗句的动词原形变为带to的不定式,并在前面根据句意加上tell aks order 等动词。
如果是否定句则在前面加上not3.疑问句:把疑问与需变成陈述句语序,人称、时态和状语也要作出相应变化:1>.一般疑问句:谓语动词是say时要改为ask。
原文句变成由连词if引导的宾语从句。
没有间接引语时可依照情况添加。
2>.特殊疑问句:仍沿用原来疑问句的引导词C.定语从句1.that、which:在从句中做主语或宾语,who和whom则分别作主语和宾语2.whose用作名词的限定语,既可以是限定性的也可以是非限定性的。
它修饰的名词作主语和动词或介词的宾语3.when在从句中做时间状语where做地点状语why做原因状语;每个状语连接词的前面都可以依照情况添加介词第二模块A.定语从句限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句:限定性从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语,写时不用逗号分开,当作宾语时关系代词常常省略;而非限定性从句是先行词在意义上关系并不密切,写时用逗号分开,不用that引导。
关系代词不可省略*>.在口语中,限定性从句的时间地点词后,关系副词可以省略关系副词why引导的定语从句的先行词只有reason,why可以转换for which,在口语中可用that或省略how不能用作关系副词,不用来引导定语从句,修饰表示方法的定语从句可用in which引导B.被动语态(一般将来时现在完成时现在进行时句式构成略)只有及物动词才有被动语态,不及物动词加上介词或副词的短语动词相当于及物动词。
变成被动语态时,短语介词不能丢掉。
带有双宾语的句子变格时可将一个变成主语,另一个仍保留在谓语后面。
带有复合宾语的句子,宾补变成主补,原句型中不带to的不定式在转换后必须加上第三模块A.情态动词情态动词不能单独作谓语动词,必须和不带to的不定式连用。
1.can和could:表示能力、许可、可能性时。
在口语中can可代替may表示许可,而may 比较正式could可代替can,表示语气较为婉转。
can和be able to都可以表示能力,但两者的时态变换的局限性不同2.may和might:表示许可或征询对防汛可。
用作此意时否定性是可以用may not,但表示不可以、禁止等意思指常用musn’t;表示可能性的时候,may/might+动词原形都可以表示,用might则语气更加不肯定3.must和have to:表示必须、应该,否定形式musn’t表示不应该、不准、禁止等。
在回答must的问句是,否定是常用needn’t或don’t have to表示不必;have to表示不得不,但must 则表示主观看法,本词强调客观的看法4.shall和should:在疑问句中,shall征询意见,作为情态动词时,表示劝告、建议5.will和would:will表示意志、意愿。
6.ought:后加to的不定式。
表示义务、要求,有时表示“非常可能”B.名词性从句1.宾语从句:that if whether/who whose what which/when where how why2.表语从句:that whether if/who what which/when where how why3.主语从句:that whether/who what which/when where how why可用it作为句子主语,把主语从句放在句末4.同位语从句:that/how when where第四模块A.主谓一致1.保持人称合数的一致2.两个名词由and连接座主语是谓语动词一般用复数;不表示并列的意思、连接两个意义上表示同一人或有两个部件组成的物品时,谓语动词用单数;两个并列的名词有each every many等修饰词等谓语动词也用单数3.集体名词group class family等做主语时,数的情况依照修饰对象而定4.不定代词做主语是谓语动词用单数5.代词none和neither数的情况也看说话人的情况而定。
但是代表不可数名词是只能看作单数;neither作形容词是与单数名词连用,谓语动词用单数。
6.由or either-or neither-nor not-only连接和由there here引导的句子时采取就近原则。
7.当后面接说明主语的修饰语,如with/along with/together with/as well as/like/rather than/but/except/besides/including/in addtion to等时,谓语动词不受修饰成分的限制,仍与主语保持一致B.动词ing形式(非谓语动词略)C.构词法1 2.合成转化(略)3.派生1>.前缀:dis- un- in- im- non- mis- re- en- multi- tele- kilo-2>.后缀:-able –al –an- -er –ess –ese –ist –ian –ism –ment –ness –tion –ship –fy –en –ing –ize –dom –th –teen –ty –y –ish –ful –less –ive –ly –ward第五模块第六模块A.虚拟语气1.在if条件从句的用法1>.表示现在情况:would+原形+if somebody+过去式2>.表示过去情况:would have+过去分词+if somebody had+过去分词3>.表示未来情况:would+原形+if somebody+should原形/were to原形/过去式条件从句有时不表示出来,只暗含在上下文或短语中2.虚拟语气在宾从中的用法1>.在wish后的宾从中,谓语用过去时表示现在的情况,用过去完成时表示过去的情况,用would could might+原形表示将来的情况2>.在would rather后的宾从中,谓语用过去时表示现在或将来的情况,用过去完成时表示过去的情况3>.在demand suggest order propose request command insist等次后面的宾从中,谓语用should+原形表示愿望、建议、命令、请求等,而should可以省略3.虚拟语气还可以在主、表、同位语从句中运用,从句的谓语由“should+原形”或之用动词原形构成4.虚拟语气还可用来表示祝愿、诅咒、禁止等B.it的用法1.代词1>.用作人称代词,代替前文的事物2>.代替this that3>.用作非人称代词,表示时间日期地点等状语成分2.引导词1>.用形式主、宾语代替非谓语动词或从句表示真正主语2>.用在强调结构中,对非谓语成分加以强调。
It is+被强调部分+that+其他成分。
用在人时that也可用who替代It十兄弟1.It is reported that China is more and more powerful day by day.主As is reported, China is more and more powerful day by day.定China is more and more powerful day by day, as/which is reported.定2.It was the first time that we had visited your company.主It was for the first time that we visited your company.强3.It was half past six when I got up.状/It was at half past six that I got up.强4.It is/has been three years since I joined the club.It was three years since I had joined the club.做完之后It was three years before I joined the club.过了时间5.It is a pity that you can’t join us./There is no need for you to go there. It is necessary for us to ask him./There is no necessity for us to ask him.6.It was not until my mother came back that I went to bed.Not until my mother came back did I go to bed.I didn’t go to bed until my mother came back.7.We think it important to learn a foreign language.We think that it is important to learn a foreign language.8.It’s foolish of us to cheat you.It’s very important for us to keep the balance of nature.9.It’s strange that he should finish the work in 3 days.It’s possible that he can finish the work in 3 days.10.It’s said that the teachers are having a meeting.The teachers are said to be having a meeting.。