Archaisms：words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. They are found mainly in older poems, legal documents and religious writing or speech . E.g. quoth（said）
1.5.6 Borrowed Words
Words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms. According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing, we can bring the loan-words under four classes. (1) Denizens. E.g. pork (2)Aliens. E.g. kowtow (3)Translation-loans. E.g. long time no see ，tea (4) Semantic-loans 出题形式：选择, 填空，定义，搭配，简答 . 2005（42) Borrowed Words
1.5. Classification of Words
• by use frequency： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary, • by notion： content words and functional words • by origin： native words and borrowed words. 出题形式：选择, 填空 2006 12.Words can be classified according to the following criteria EXCEPT _________. A. notion B. use frequency C. foundation D. origin 答案：C.
1.3. Sound and Form
English sound is an imperfect representation of the spoken form. (1) in English there are more phonemes than letters. (2) The pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. (3) Some of the differences were created by the early scribes. (4) The borrowing is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary.
1.5.1 Basic Word Stock The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Five obvious characteristics： • (1)All national character • （2）Stability. • （3）Productivity. • （4）Polysemy. • （5）Collocability 出题形式：选择, 填空，定义，搭配 2004（8），2003（19）
1.5.2 Nonbasic Vocabulary They include the following： terminology， jargon， slang， argot， dialectal words， archaisms， neologisms. Terminology：technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas E.g. penicillin
Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words. Content words, which constitute the main body of the English y, are numerous, and the number is ever growing. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals. E.g. earth, cloud, run, walk
出题形式：填空，选择
2006年 13. Which of the following is NOT correct? ______ A. A word is a meaningful group of letters. B. A word is a unit of meaning. C. A word is a sound or combination of sounds. D. A word is a form that cannot function alone in a sentence. 答案 D 2004年 20. According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______. 答案：meaning
Argot：the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the subcultural groups, and outsiders can hardly understand it. E.g. dip（pick-pocket）
Dialectal words：words used only by speakers of the dialect in question E.g. beauty（AusE＝excellent )
词 汇 学
Lexicology
一、题型和考点分布 二、重点、考点串讲 三、应试、答题技巧
I. Basic Concepts of Word and Vocabulary
1.1. Word
A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. （1）a minimal free form of a language （2）a sound unity （3）a unit of meaning （4）a form that can function alone in a sentence.
Neologisms： newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings. E.g. internet 出题形式：选择, 填空，定义，搭配 . 2003（44) jargon
1.5. 3 Content Words
1.2. Sound and Meaning
The relation between sound and meaning is not logical，
but arbitrary and conventional.
Woman (English) Frau ( German) femme (French ) funu ( Chinese) 出题形式：填空，选择和举例说明. 2002年 18.The relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary or ______________. 答案：conventional
Slang：the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words like cant（shoptalk of any sub-group）, jargon, and argot, all of which are associated with, or most available to, specific groups of the population. E.g. Grass for marijuana(大麻)
出题形式：选择, 填空，定义。
2002年
9.The term "vocabulary" is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that( )
A. it can refer to the common core of a language B. it can refer to the total number of the words in a language C. it can represent all the words used in a certain historical period D. it can stand for words in given dialect or field 答案：A
1.5.4 Functional Words
Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called empty words. As their chief function is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as between sentences, they are known as form words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category. E.g. on, of, upon 出题形式：选择, 填空，定义，简答 . 2004（42) functional words