公共英语三级语法知识大全一、句法分析 (1)二、词法分析 (2)三、时态 (8)四、被动语态 (11)五、情态动词 (12)六、不定式 (14)七、定语从句 (17)八、主语从句 (22)九、表语从句 (23)十、宾语从句 (23)十一、同位语从句 (24)十二、状语从句 (25)十三、虚拟语气 (41)十四、动名词 (27)十五、现在分词 (28)十六、过去分词 (31)十七、独立主格结构 (34)十八、倒装句型 (35)十九、强调句型 (36)二十、主谓一致 (37)二十一、It的用法 (39)一、句法分析1、主语:是句子要说明的人或物,可以作主语的成分有名词,主语一般在句首。
注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家!. 1) Mr. Lee is a well-known scientist.名词作主语. 2) He reads newspapers everyday.代词作主语. 3) Two and ten is twelve.数词作主语. 4) Smoking is harmful to the health.动名词作主语. 5) To swim in that pool is a great pleasure.动词不定式作主语. 6) What we shall do next is not yet decided.从句作主语2、谓语: 说明主语的动作,状态或特征. 1) The new term begins on the 1st of September.. 2) His father is an engineer.3) She seemed happy.. 4) Li Hua showed me his album.3、宾语:指的是及物动词涉及到的人或物. 1) Wang Ling lent me a novel to read in the bus.. 2) The medicine is good for a cold.. 3) How many pieces do you want?. 4) My little sister always likes to ask questions.. 5) Would you mind coming earlier tomorrow?. 6) He asked me what I was going to do tonight4、宾语补足语:在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征。
. 1) The government appointed(任命)her chief delegate (首席代表)to the conference.1. 2) I don’t believe the story t rue.. 3) Y ou should put your things in order(有序).. 4) The doctor advised her to stay in bed for a week.. 5) We saw the pupils playing basketball.5、表语:位于系动词如b e之后,说明主语身份,特征,属性或状态。
. 1)Wang’s father is a doctor.. 2) He is always careless.. 3) The basketball match is on.. 4) All the pupils are on the playground now.. 5) Our aim is to win more medals.. 6) His work is teaching French.. 7) The question is who can really repair the machines.还有位于以下系动词后面的词,我们也称之为表语:表示感官的:look\seem(看起来) 、sound(听起来)、smell(闻起来)、taste(尝起来)、feel(感觉起来):He looks disappointed(形容词作表语)他看起来很失望。
The rubbish smells terrible.垃圾很难闻。
表示变化的:get、become、turn(变得)。
It becomes hotter and hotter(形容词作表语). 天变得越来越热了。
6、定语:是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,翻译常用‘……的’表示。
. Tom is a handsome boy. The two boys are students.. His boy needs Tom's pen. The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.. The boy needs a ball pen. The best boy here is Tom.. There is nothing to do today. The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.. This is the new dictionary which I bought yesterday.7、状语:状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。
. 1) She sings quite well.. 2) On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom.. 3) He sits there, asking for a pen.. 4) The boy needs a pen to do his homework.5) If I have some spare time, I will read some story-books.8、同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分,近乎于后置定语。
如:. We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语,都是指同一批‘学生’). We all are students. / (all是we的同位语,都指同样的‘我们’)二、词法分析(一)构词法1.转化法:把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法,学位英语最常考的是形容词转化为名词。
表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词:Y ou should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服。
I want to write in red.我想用红笔写字。
某些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用,表示一类人,作主语时,谓语用复数The old in our village are living a happy life.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。
2.派生法1)前缀除少数前缀外,前缀一般改变单词的意义,不改变词性;后缀一般改变词类,而不引起词义的变化。
(1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等,在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。
例如:appear出现→disappear消失,correct正确的→incorrect不正确的,lead带领→mislead领错、误导,stop停下→non-stop不停。
(2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对;抵抗), auto- (自动),co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再;又), sub- (下面的;次;小), tele- (强调距离)等。
例如:alone单独的antigas防毒气的autochart自动图表cooperate合作enjoy使高兴internet互联网reuse再用subway地铁telephone电话2)后缀英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词,也可加后缀构成新词。
后缀通常会改变单词的词性,构成意义相近的其他词性;少数后缀还会改变词义,变为与原来词义相反的新词。
(1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence,-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人),-ese (某地人),-ess (雌性),-ful (一……),-ian (精通……的人),-ist (专业人员),-ment (性质;状态),-ness (性质;状态), -tion(动作;过程)等。
例如:differ不同于→difference区别write写→writer作家Japan日本→Japanese日本人act表演→actress女演员→action动作、行为care细心→caerful仔细的、认真的music音乐→musician音乐家(2)构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容词之后),-fy (使……化),-ize (使……成为)。
例如:wide→widen加宽beauty→beautify美化pure→purify 提纯real→realize意识到organ→organize组织(3)构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al,-able (有能力的),-(a)n(某国人的),-en (多用于表示材料的名词后),-ern (方向的),-ese(某国人的),-ful,-(ic)al,-ish,-ive,-less (表示否定), -like (像……的),-ly,-ous,-some,-y (表示天气)等。
例如:nature自然→natural自然的reason道理→reasonable有道理的America美国→American美国的China中国→Chinese中国人的gold金子→golden金的east东→eastern东方的child孩子→childish孩子气的snow雪→snowy雪的(4)构成副词的常用后缀有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度),-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。
例如:angry生气的→angrily生气地to到→towards朝……,east东方→eastward 向东3.合成法1)合成名词名词+名词weekend周末名词+动词daybreak黎明名词+动名词handwriting书法名词+介词+名词editor-in-chief总编辑动词+名词typewriter打字机动名词+名词reading-room阅览室现在分词+名词flying-fish飞鱼形容词+名词gentleman绅士副词+动词outbreak爆发2)合成形容词名词+形容词snow-white雪白的名词+现在分词English-speaking讲英语的名词+to+名词face-to-face面对面的名词+过去分词man-made人造的数词+名词+形容词two-year-old两岁的数词+名词+ed five-storeyed五层的形容词+名词high-class高级的形容词+名词+ed noble-minded高尚的形容词+形容词light-blue浅蓝色的形容词+现在分词good-looking相貌好看的副词+形容词ever-green常青的副词+现在分词hard-working勤劳的副词+过去分词well-known著名的副词+名词fast-food专门提供快餐服务的介词+名词downhill下坡的3)合成动词名词+动词sleep-walk梦游形容词+动词white-wash粉刷副词+动词overthrow推翻4)合成副词形容词+名词hotfoot匆忙地形容词+副词everywhere到处副词+副词however尽管如此介词+名词beforehand事先介词+副词forever永远(二)冠词的基本用法1. a用于辅音发音开头的词前,如:a book; an用于元音发音开头的词前,如:an apple, an hour. 请区别:a useful machine, an umbrella, a “u”, an “h”。