2015年中国社会科学院考博英语真题及详解PART Ⅰ: Vocabulary and GrammarSection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.1. Even the president is not really the CEO. No one is. Power in a corporation is concentrated and vertically structured. Power in Washington is _____ and horizontally spread out.A. prudentB. reversibleC. diffuseD. mandatory【答案】C【解析】句意：甚至总统也不是真正的首席执行官，谁都不是。
在公司中，权力集中且垂直分布。
在华盛顿，权力分散且平行分布。
diffuse散开的。
prudent谨慎的，节俭的。
reversible 可逆的，可撤销的。
mandatory强制的，命令的。
2. In describing the Indians of the various sections of the United States at different stages in their history, some of the factors which account for their similarity amid difference can be readily accounted for, others are difficult to _____.A. refineB. discernC. embedD. cluster【答案】B【解析】句意：在描述美国历史中不同阶段不同地区的印第安人中，一些影响他们不同点之间的相似点的因素能够很容易的解释清楚，而其他的却很难看出。
discern识别；领悟，认识。
refine精炼，改善。
embed嵌入。
cluster使聚集。
3. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster, implemented by Tony Blair, was designed to give the other members of the club a bigger _____ and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.A. sayB. transmissionC. decayD. contention【答案】A【解析】句意：布莱尔实行的威斯敏斯特部分立法权的转移，是为了给联盟其他成员更大的话语权，反击似乎会威胁联盟计划的离心力。
say发言权。
transmission传递，传送。
decay 衰退，腐烂。
contention争论，争辩。
4. It can hardly be denied the proliferation of so-called dirty books and films has, to date, reached almost a saturation point. People do not acknowledge the _____ fact that children are bound to be exposed to “dirty words” in a myria d of waysother than through the public airwaves.A. irrefutableB. concreteC. inevitableD. haphazard【答案】A【解析】句意：难以否认，黄色书籍和电影的激增到目前为止几乎已经达到了饱和点。
人们不愿承认一个不可辩驳的事实，除了面向公众的节目，孩子们会通过很多种途径接触到“黄色内容”。
irrefutable不能驳倒的；不能回答的。
concrete实在的，具体的。
inevitable 必然的，不可避免的。
haphazard偶然的，无计划的。
5. A condition is an essential term of the contract. If a contract is not performed, it may constitute a substantial breach of contract and allow the other party to _____ the contract, that is, treat the contract as discharged or terminated.A. repudiateB. spurnC. declineD. halt【答案】A【解析】句意：基本条件是合同中的必有条款。
合同未被履行，会构成违约，另一方则被允许拒绝履行合同，也就是说，合同解除或终止。
repudiate拒不履行（法律义务）；拒绝，否定。
spurn摒弃，藐视。
decline下降，衰退。
halt停止。
6. Each of us shares with the community in which we live a store of words as well as agreed conventions _____ these words should be arranged to convey a particular message.A. as the way by whichB. by the way in whichC. as to the way in whichD. in the way of which【答案】C【解析】句意：我们团体中的每一个人有着共同话语和约定，这些约定是关于如何将这些话组织起来传达特定的信息。
as to常放于句中，表示“关于……方面”“有关……之事”。
in which后跟的是定语从句修饰the way。
7. Rarely _____ a technological development _____ an impact on many aspects of social, economic, and cultural development as greatly as the growth of electronics.A. has… hadB. had…hadC. has…hasD. have…had【答案】A【解析】句意：技术的发展很少能像电子产业的发张一样，对社会、经济和文化各个方面的发展产生如此大的影响。
rarely置于句首，句子采用倒装形式，原句采用的是现在完成时，故应将助动词has提前，故答案为A项。
8. If early humans _____ as much as they did, they probably _____ to evolve into different species.A. did not move and intermingle…would continueB. would not move and intermingle…had continuedC. had not moved and intermingled…would have continuedD. were not to move and intermingle…could have continued【答案】C【解析】句意：如果早期人类没有如此程度的迁移和混合，他们可能已经进化成不同的物种。
该题考查的是虚拟语气，这里表示对过去情况的假设，故条件句使用过去完成时，主句使用should/would have done，故C项符合。
9. It was _____ the last time around the track _____ I really kicked it in—passing the gossiping girlfriends, blocking out the whistles of boys who had already completed their run and now were hanging out on the grassy hill, I ran—pushing hard, breathing shallowly, knowing full well that I was going to have to hear about it from my disapproving friends for the next few days.A. not until…whenB. not until…thatC. until…whe nD. until…that【答案】B【解析】句意：直到绕着跑道的最后时刻，我才真正来了劲头……。
It was…that为强调句，强调的是时间not until the last time…，故答案为B项。
10. One impediment _____ the general use of a standard in pronunciation is the fact_____ pronunciation is learnt naturally and unconsciously, while orthography is learnt deliberately and consciously.A. in…whichB. of …in whichC. on…thatD. to…that【答案】D【解析】句意：阻碍标准发音的广泛使用的一个事实是，发音是自然地无意识学到的，而拼写是刻意的有意识地学到的。
impediment“妨碍，组织”，后常跟介词to。
that引导的成分作the fact的同位语，故答案为D项。
Section B (5 points)Directions:Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word.11. It is some 15 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims swept up in a tumultuousshuffle of citizens between India and Pakistan after the partition of the。