More vulnerable to economic downturn 易受经济下滑 的影响
Information problematic (low financial transparency
and reliability) 信息问题（财务信息透明度及可信度 不高）
High operating risks (relatively weak in management skills) 高运营风险（较弱的管理能力）
Credit card charge-off ratio (annualised) 年信用卡冲销率 Unemployment rate 失业率
Bankruptcy Petitions (RHS) 破产申请 （RHS)
18
Scoring 评分
Rank ordering 分级 Application and Behavioral Scores 申请信贷和行为评分 Generic and Customized Scores 通用评分和专用评分 Credit card, personal loans, etc 信用卡，个人
Never feel embarrassed to ask “dumb” questions
不用担心问“愚笨”的问题
2
CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT 信贷风险管理
Prerequisite:先决条件
Senior management’s support (positive intervention?) 高层管理的支持（积极干预？） People (technical capability, integrity and inter-personal skills) 人员（技术能力、人格和人际交往能力） Organization and System 组织及系统
偏好 Lending Guidelines 贷款指南 Credit Products, Procedures and Advice 信贷产品、程
序和建议
7
CREDIT POLICY信贷政策
Market positioning and risk appetite 市场定位和风险偏好
Return 回报
多用于担保产品，例如：住房贷款、汽车贷款、租赁及 用流动资产担保的贷款
Security coverage 抵押品/贷款 比例 Income coverage 收入/还款 比例
16
8.00% 7.00% 6.00% 5.00% 4.00% 3.00% 2.00% 1.00%
Mortgage Loan Quality (HK) 香港地区住房贷款质量
和一线职员） Specialization of staff 员工专业化 Effectiveness of internal control system 内部控制系统的功效 Quality of service (e.g. turnaround time) 服务的质量（例如：报
废项目时间） Others (fraud prevention etc.) 其他（防范欺诈等）
Attribute:特征 Independent 独立性 No bottom-line responsibility 没有盈利责任 Professional 专业性 Firm and fair 坚定和公正
3
STRUCTURE AND APPROVAL PROCESS结构和认证程序
Board of Directors 董事会
Owner’s scores 公司所有者的评分
14
英国小型公司主要业务的设立与终止 千/每季度
设立
终止
15
Consumer 消费贷款
Criteria Based Lending 根据准则所进行的信贷
More commonly for secured products, e.g. mortgage, car loans, HP and loans secured by liquid assets
Market Risk/Credit Risk 市场风险/信用风险 Market Risk/Credit Risk 市场风险/信用风险
Approval 审批
Approval审批
Credit 信用
4
ALTERNATIVES选择
Centralized vs Decentralized集权/分权 Individual vs Committee (composition and decision making
6
Credit Policy, Guidelines and Procedures
Manual 信贷政策，指南及程序 手册
Key business objectives 主要业务目标 Structure and Responsibility 结构及职责 Economic Outlook 经济预期 Sectoral Analysis 行业分析 Business Strategy and Focus 业务战略和重点 Risk Assessment and Credit Appetite 风险评估和信贷
Risk 风险
Private Bank
Commercial Bank Subprime Lender
私人银行
商业银行
次级贷款人
-Large corporate 大型企业
-Middle market 中端市场
-Small business 小型企业
-Consumer 消费者
8
MARKET SEGMENTATION – CREDIT TOOLS 市场细分—信贷工具
14
贷款不良率 美国所有银行
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Residential * Commercial * C&I Loans Total Loans & Leases
住房贷款
商业房地产贷款工商贷款 贷款和租赁总额
10
%
Charge-Off Rates, All Banks, SA (USA)
冲销率 所有银行 美国
5
Structure and Account Cycle 结构及客户信贷周期
Head of CRM信贷风险管理部
Policy/政策 Risk Monitoring Approval审批 风险监督
Recovery追偿
Loans 贷款
Review 回顾 Review回顾
Unhealthy loans 不良贷款
行政总裁（总部） GHQ CEO
APH CEO 行政总裁（亚太区）
信贷总经理 GM Credit
AMH GM总经理 （香港及中国大陆）
CCO首席信贷官
Line前线部门
HD Credit 信贷部门主管
Concurrence 认同
Approval 审批
Country Risk/Bank Risk 国家风险/银行风险
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Residential * Commercial * C&I Loans Total Loans & Leases 住房贷款 商业房地产贷款工商贷款 贷款及租赁总额
11
Loan Quality in HK
20%
香港地区贷款质量
15%
10%
5%
0%
-5%
-10%
适当的目标和措施及控制
The Line takes primary (or joint) responsibility of the credit decisions
前线部门对贷款决定负主要（或共同）责任
Burden of proof on the Line 证明应贷款责任在于前线部门
Business Banking – Small business – Scoring 商务理财-小型企业-评分
Personal Financial Services – Consumer – Scoring
个人金融服务-消费者-评分
9
%
Delinquency Rates, All Banks, SA (USA)
Characteristics of the Scorecard 记分卡的特征
Company’s financialt history and behavior 公司信用历史 和表现
Company’s attributes (age, sector, size etc) 公司性质 （成立时间的长短、所属行业、规模等）
9.00%
信用卡质量
7,000
No. of Bankruptcy Petitions 破产申请
8.00% 7.00% 6.00% 5.00% 4.00%
6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000
3.00%
-
Dec-9M8 ar-9J9un-9S9ep-9D9ec-9M9ar-0J0un-0S0ep-0D0ec-0M0ar-0J1un-0S1ep-0D1ec-0M1 ar-02
CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT 信贷风险管理
HSBC 汇丰银行
1
CREDIT CULTURE 信贷文化
Risk averse given Bank’s high gearing and thin margin 倾向低风险，由于银行高负债和低利息差
Proper goals and measures with controls
贷款等
19
CREDIT RISK MONITORING 信贷风险监督