高中英语词汇教学漫谈
2011. 2. 27 杭州
讲座提纲
一、英语词汇教学研究简介 二、中学英语词汇教学要求 三、中学英语词汇教学现状 四、英语词汇教学方法探讨 五、教程、读物、词典 六、几点总结
第一部分 英语词汇教学研究简介
词汇的重要性 词汇习得与阅读 词汇知识 “词块”的概念 一些语料库统计数据
lexical items are central to language use and should be central to language teaching: “Language consists of grammaticalised lexis, not lexicalised grammar” (Lewis, 1993)
Increased proficiency in highfrequency vocabulary also led to an increase in reading proficiency. (Coady, Magoto, Hubbard, Graney and Mokhttence is determined by a learner’s ability to access and adapt prefabricated “chunks” of language. (Mattinger & DeCarrico, 1992)
Vocabulary size and text coverage in the Brown corpus
Vocabulary size 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000
15,851
Text coverage 72.0% 79.7% 84.0% 86.8% 88.7% 89.9% 97.8%
词汇对意义表达的重要性
Wilkins (1972): Without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.
Widdowson (1978): native speakers can better understand ungrammatical utterances with accurate vocabulary than those with accurate grammar and inaccurate vocabulary.
阅读是习得词汇的主要途径
Krashen (1989;1991;1993a; 1993b): reading is the most efficient means by which to acquire new vocabulary.
Krashen (1993b): Free voluntary reading is the optimal form of comprehensible input; reading provides “messages we understand presented in a low-anxiety situation”.
language production is not a syntactic rulegoverned process but is instead the retrieval of larger phrasal units from memory. (Sinclair, Nattinger, DeCarrico & Lewis)
Word knowledge 词汇知识
Orthographical form 拼写形式 Phonological form 语音形式 Meaning 词义 Grammatical behavior 语法特征 Associations 联想 Collocations 词语搭配 Frequency 词频 Register 语域
词汇知识促进阅读理解
An improvement in reading comprehension can be attributed to an increase in vocabulary knowledge. (Beck, Perfetti, and McKeown, 1982; Kameenui, Carnine, and Freschi, 1982; Stahl, 1983)
Lexical chunks 词块
Vocabulary items are often not single orthographical units, but rather multiword units.
The mind uses “chunks” of prefabricated language because these are easier to process and use than an equivalent number of individual words that have to be strung together via syntactical rules. (Lewis, 1993)
扩大词汇量的主要方式
Incidental learning from context during free reading is the major mode of vocabulary acquisition during the school years, and the volume of experience with written language, interacting with reading comprehension ability, is the major determinant of vocabulary growth. (Nagy, Herman, and Anderson, 1985)