词类、句子成分、基本句型一、词类能够自由运用的最小语言单位叫词。
根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作的分类叫词类。
实词:名词__________、动词__________、形容词___________、副词__________、代词__________、数词__________虚词:介词__________、冠词__________、连词__________、感叹词__________(一)名词名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。
1. 普通名词是某一类人、事物、某种物质后抽象概念的名称。
teacher market rice magazine sound production2. 专有名词是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。
专有名词的第一个字母大写。
Hemingway Russia New York United Nations1. 可数名词shop—shops bus—buses library—libraries leaf—leaves toy—toysman—men tooth—teeth datum—data2. 不可数名词advice furniture hair homework information knowledge money news traffic progress absence anger courage music1. 抽象名词responsibility law love credibility creativity exploration2. 具体名词paper house tree soil student teacher(二)冠词冠词放在名词之前,帮助说明该名词所指的对象。
冠词分为不定冠词和定冠词两种。
不定冠词为a/an,用在单数名词前,表示某一类人或事物的“一个”。
a用在以辅音开头的名词前,an用在以元音开头的名词前。
a hotel a chance a double room a useful book an exhibition an honest man定冠词只有一个,即the,表示某一类人或事物中特定的一个或一些。
可用于单数或复数名词前,也可用于不可数名词前。
the TV program the house the Olympic Games(三)代词1. 人称代词:I, you, she, he, it, we, they2. 物主代词:my, your, her, his, their, its, mine, yours, hers, theirs, ours3. 反身代词:myself, yourself, itself, himself, herself, ourselves, yourselves, oneself4. 相互代词:each other, one another5. 指示代词:this, that, these, those, such6. 疑问代词:who, whom, whose, which, what7. 关系代词:who, whom, whose, which, that8. 不定代词:some, any, no, all, every, many, a little, someone, something, everybody(四)数词数词是表示“数量”和“顺序”的词。
前者为基数词,如one, twenty, thirty-five, one hundred and ninety-five等。
后者为序数词,如first, second, twentieth, fifty-first等。
(五)形容词形容词是用来修饰名词,表示名词属性的词。
如yellow, wonderful, strong, young, busy等。
形容词可分为原级、比较级、最高级。
(六)副词1. 普通副词:together, well, carefully2. 疑问副词:when, where, how, why3. 连接副词:therefore, then, however, otherwise4. 关系副词:where, when, why副词也有比较级和最高级,构成和形容词一样。
(七)介词介词又叫前置词,放在名词、代词或相当于名词的词前面,表示它后面的词与句子中其它成分之间的关系。
介词在句中一般不重读,也不能单独作句子成分。
1.简单介词:in, at, for, since2.复合介词:as for, out of, into, upon3.二重介词:until after, from among4.短语介词:according to, because of, in front of, in the event of5.分词介词:regarding, considering, including介词后面的名词或代词叫做介词宾语。
介词和介词宾语合称为介词短语。
(八)连词连词是连接词、短语、从句或句子的词。
连词是虚词,在句中一般不重读,也不能在句中单独作句子成分。
1.并列连词(连接并列关系的的词、短语、从句或句子):and, or, but, for, not only…but also…,neither…nor…2.从属连词(连接主从复合句):that, if, whether, when, although, because, so that(九)感叹词感叹词是表示喜怒哀乐等情感的词,例如oh, well, why, hello等。
(十)动词动词是表示动作或状态的词,例如:sign, support, have, exist等。
可分为实义动词、系动词、情态动词和助动词。
1.实义动词有完整的意义,并能作独立的谓语,又可分为及物动词和不及物动词。
(1) 及物动词:后面必须跟宾语,意思才完整,如Give me some ink, please.If you have any questions, you can raise your hands.(2) 不及物动词:后面不跟宾语,意思已完整。
不及物动词有时可以加上副词或介词,构成短语动词,相当于与一个及物动词。
(四)宾语(object)表示动作的对象,是动作的承受者。
宾语一般放在及物动词之后或介词后,如果没有,则及物动词无法表示完整的动作。
She covered her face with her hands.We haven’t seen her for a long time.Do you mind opening the window? *Give me four, please.He wants to dream a nice dream. *We need to know what others are doing.I lived in Japan in 1986.(五)定语(attribute)是修饰名词或代词的词、短语或句子。
单词做定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词之前;短语和从句做定语时则放在它所修饰的名词之后。
可以做定语的有名词、形容词、数词、分词及其短语、不定式、介词短语以及从句等。
They are women workers.Tom’s father didn’t write home until yesterday.Equal pay for equal work should be introduced.The play has three acts.This is her first trip to Europe.China is a developing country.You haven’t kept your promise to write us often.My cat has a good nose for milk.Those who want to go to Tibet are to sign their names here.(六)状语(adverbial)是修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分。
状语表示地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随情况等。
作状语的有副词、名词、介词短语、分词及其短语、动词不定式及其短语、状语从句等。
These products are selling quickly.He is knee deep in snow.The best fish swim near the bottom.*She sat there doing nothing.We’ll send a car over to fetch you.She was slow to make up her mind.Strike while the iron is hot.There is no such a word in English so far as I know.(七)宾语补足语:我们知道,在英语中及物动词要加宾语意思才完整,不及物动词则无需加宾语。
但有些及物动词,除了要有宾语之外,还要加上宾语补足语(object complement),来补充说明其身份、特征、状态或所做的动作,如果丢掉宾补,就不成为句子,或意思走样,这样的及物动词叫不完全及物动词,即只加宾语不能完全表达完整意思。
这种“宾语+宾语补足语”结构称为复合宾语。
宾补一般跟在宾语之后。
可以担当补足语的有名词、形容词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词等。
They elected me captain of the team.He made me ashamed of myself.We found everything there in good order.I should advise you not to miss the chance.I could feel my heart beating fast.Put your book into your schoolbag.Keep the water boiling for ten minutes.They considered Paris the brain and heart of the country.宾补出现的场合:1. 在表示心理状态的动词后做宾补,如:consider, think, believe, discover, find, imagine, judge, suppose,prove等。
结构:to be + 形容词或名词。
think, consider, find后的to be常可省略。
We consider him (to be) a good teacher.He proved that theory (to be) very important.I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her.2. 使役动词make, have, leave后面。