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Declaration of the Rights of Man
Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else; All citizens, being equal in the eyes of law….. The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man…..
(3). The change from
manufacturing in the home to
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The Bill of Rights
The king should not make the law. The king should not collect taxes. The king should not keep army. Roman Catholic or anyone marrying a Roman Catholic shouldn’t become the king.
自由是指有权实施一切无害于他人的行 为。 在法律的面前，所有的公民都是平等的 。 自由交流思想和意见是人类最宝贵的权 利之一。
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The Industrial Revolution 工业革命
Marked by the following developments”
欧洲文化入门（六）
The Age of Enlightenment (启蒙时代)
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English Revolution
Enclosure movement Puritan movement Civil War – 1642 Cromwell as Protector – 1649 Restoration of Stuart – 1660 Glorious Revolution – 1688 The Bill of Rights – 1689
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美国独立宣言
我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的：人生 而平等，造物主赋予他们某些不可被剥 夺的权利，包括生命权、自由权和追求 幸福的权利。为了保障这些权利，人类 才建立政府，而政府的正当权利，是经 过被统治者的统一而产生的。如果有任 何一种形式的政府损害了这些目的，那 么，人民就有权利来改变或者废除它， 以建立新的政府。
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2. Historical Context
The American War of Independence in 1776
The French Revolution in 1789
The Industrial Revolution in England (1760-1840)
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I. General Introduction
Enlightenment 启蒙时代 / 理性时代
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什么是启蒙运动?
启蒙运动是指欧洲近代资产阶
级上升时期伴随资产阶级政治上 的反封建斗争而展开的反对封建 传统意识形态的思想文化运动。 这一思想文化运动表现在意识形 态领域，就是用资产阶级的哲学、 伦理、教育、文艺和科学反对封 建神学及其传统的封建文化。启 蒙运动是一次进步的理性的运动。 它兴起于法国并同时席卷整个西 欧。启蒙运动是14至17世纪文艺 复兴运动的继续，其目的是用现 代哲学和艺术的光芒来照亮整个 世界。
(1). The introduction of machines which reduced the need for hand labor in making goods
(2). The substitution of steam power for water, wind, and animal power.
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1. Enlightenment启蒙时代
The Enlightenment Movement The Age of Reason 理性时代 An intellectual movement Originated in France Supported by the ruling and intellectuaral classes
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The American War of Independence
The Declaration of Independence:
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.