Acronyms Acronyms is a word coined by putting together the initial letters of a group of words.Affixation A word formation approach that attaches morpheme – an affix to a base，which is a word with 1 or more affixes in it.Anaphoric reference前照应A demonstrative determiner with anaphoric reference is more likely to go with a non-restrictive relative clauseCataphoric reference 后照应A demonstrative determiner with cataphoric reference，which goes with a restrictive relative clauseCollective nouns These are generally countable nouns，but even in the singular they refer to groups of people，animals or things.Compound A compound，the product of composition，and it is a lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word.Conversion The derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix.Coordination并列词Realized by coordinators （also termed coordinating conjunctions）which join units at the same level.Countable nouns Nouns that can take plural.Dangling participle:When the subject of participle is not expressed, it is normally to be the subject of the clause. It is usually poor grammar, and sometimes absurd, if this rule is broken: Trying to be quiet, the floor board creaked. But the rule is often broken when the subject is vaguely understood to be “one”, “we”, “you”, people in general.Determiner Words used in the premodification of noun phrase and put before any adjectives that premodify the head word of noun.Dynamic adjectives Many adjectives can also be used in the dynamic sense （be being a.）in predicative position to show subjective measurement or suggest a temporary state，implying the qualities can be controlled or restricted. （e.g. he is being rude）end-focus 尾部焦点under neutral conditions，the nucleus falls on the last element of the sequence as it is common that we process the information in a message to achieve a linear presentation form low to high information value. We refer to this as the principle of end-focus.ellipsis：省略leaves out the redundant/wordy part and do not provide a substitute. Exclamation Express our impression，especially our surprise，excitement，amazement，etc. It doesn…t take S-V inversion.exophoric reference 语言外照应Nonlinguistic or situational context.Finite verb phrase Its head word is a finite verb，which is restricted by tense and keeps concord with the subject.Foreign plurals Words that are borrowed from other languages often have foreign plurals. Fronting: Fronting is a term which refers to the removal of an item from its unmarked position to the marked presubject position.Infinitive The infinitive occurs as a verb in the base form which may go with or without to.Inherent adjectives Inherent adjectives denote inherent qualities characterize the referent of the noun. （e.g a big house）Mass nouns Nouns that can…t take plural.aNon-finite Verb Phrase Its first element is a non-finite verb free from the restrict of tense and concord of subject.Non-inherent adjectives Non-inherent adjectives identify qualities in an indirect way. （e.g. a big eater）Non-predictive （non-epistemic）Non-predictive meanings of modal auxiliaries are very heterogeneous in nature，this category covers a variety of meanings，except “prediction”。

Non-restrictive adjectives非限定性形容词Non-restrictive adjectives provide additional information not essential for the identification of the noun. Adjective modifying proper noun are normally non-restrictive. （e.g. my fat wife）Predictive meaning （epistemic）The predictive meaning，rather homogeneous in nature，is concerned with the speaker…s assumption or assessment of probability and indicates the speaker‟s confidence in the truth of his statement.Proper Nouns Proper nouns denote individual persons，places，etc，normally begins with a capital letter，has no plural form and can…t occur after an article.Pseudo-passive A pseudo-passive sentence is passive in form but active in meaning. Its ed-participle is adjectivalized；it can occur in a comparative construction，with a variety of prepositional phrases other than by-phrase，and with other link verbs besides be and get.Putative Should Putative should is not very meaningful in its own right；in many cases，its function is to fill in a structural slot. This use of should is commonly found in the that-clause after an adjective or a noun denoting a feeling or an opinion.e.g. It…s strange that she should wear her evening dress for such an informal party.Unit nouns Unit nouns are used to specify the quantities of the modified noun. reference照应using grammatical pro-form which explicitly/clearly refer elsewhere Restrictive adjectives Restrictive adjectives help identify the noun by describing its distinctive qualities（e.g. a fat woman）Stative adjectives The majority of adjectives are stative in nature，describing permanent inherent qualities.e.g. a big houseSubject complement Semantically，subject complements denote what the subject is or what the subject becomes – the two notions that are most typically expressed by be and become.Subordination主从连接词Realized by subordinators （also termed subordinating conjunctions），involves the linking of units at different levels so that they form a hierarchy.A subordinator introduces a subordinate clause which is attached to the main clause （also termed the superordinate clause）。