热力学与统计物理（1）
一.引言 二.已学内容小结 三.本学期的任务
2019/2/5
Fudan, Feb. 27, 2013
1
一.引言
学什么？
老子
（第四十一章）
上士闻道，勤而行之； 中士闻道，若存若亡；
下士闻道，大笑之。不笑不足以为道。
2019/2/5
4
A. Einstein
The development of general ability for independent thinking and judgment should always be placed foremost, not the acquisition of special knowledge.
Why ?
1819 Oersted
Why ?
1831 Fraday
B
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教什么？
Bertrand Russell
It is not the function of a university to cram the heads of students with as many facts as can be squeezed in. Its proper task is to lead them into habits of critical examination and an understanding of canons and criteria which bear on all subject matters. 9
自然和自然律隐没在黑暗中： 神说，让牛顿去吧！万物遂成光明。
1 2 QR = at 2
F = ma
F = 2m
QR t
2
cB = BA
cC // bB
Cb // cB
Cb = cB = BA
CbB = ABb bB = bB CbB = ABb
F = 2m
QR t
2

QR QT SP
This physical entity is called electric charge !
1780s Luigi Galvani “Animal Electricity” 1800 Alessandro Volta “Electromotive Force”
Zn Ag Ag Zn
Why ?
6
Bertrand Russell
But learning to think independently is not an ability that comes all of a piece. It must be acquired by dint of personal effort and with the help of a mentor who can direct these efforts. This is the method of research under supervision as we know it today in our universities.
1 2 h = at 2
地上的实验
t (s)
1/ 2
“地心说”
天上的迷惑
T /a =C
2 3
Alexander Pope:
Nature, and Nature’s Laws lay hid in night: God said, let Newton be! And all was light.
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A. Einstein
Teaching should be such that what is offered is perceived as a valuable gift and not as a hard duty.
12
William Arthur Ward
The mediocre teacher tells.
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E.H. Gombrich
What the student should learn are facts and doubts. For the facts he need only memorize textbooks. But the doubts can be conveyed and instilled only by those who work at the frontiers of knowledge and have re-examined the evidence.”
The important truth which seems to have been understood, implicitly at least, from the very beginning is that learning is not a process of dishing out information. Some of this, of course, there must be. But it is neither the sole function of the teacher, not yet the most important one.
James P. Sethna
The purview of science grows rapidly with time. It is the responsibility of each generation to join new insights to old wisdom, and to distill the key ideas for the next generation.
Paul E. Pfeiffer
While a knowledge of the history of the subject is often important, it seems more fruitful to look at that history from the perspective of modern formulation and development. Such a perspective can often sharpen our perceptions of concepts and relations; frequently, significant advances result from fresh investigation of avenues that once seemed closed or of little promise.
二.已学内容小结
Questions
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. What is motion and why ? Why doesn’t the moon fall ? What is a wave ? What is electricity ? What is magnetism and why ? What is light ? What is the nature of matter ? What is heat ?
A.B. Pippard
The pursuit of rigor involves almost inevitably abandoning the historical approach. Great ideas are more often arrived at by a combination of intuition and a judicious disregard of niceties than by a systematic and logical development of explicitly formulated premises,… But once the goal has been attained it is possible to go back over the road and see how the same end could have been reached more logically.
10
This is indeed more evident today than it was at that time, for written records were rarer and harder to find than they are now. With us, it stands to reason that anyone who can read can collect information from a library. Less than ever before should a teaformation… The role of the teacher is one of guidance, of brining the pupil to see for himself.
in “Positive Philosophy”
James Clark Maxwell
It is of great advantage to the student of any subject to read the original memoirs on that subject, for science is always most completely assimilated when it is in the nascent state.
The good teacher explains.
The superior teacher demonstrates. The great teacher inspires.
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怎么学与怎么教？
August Comte
(1789-1857)
“To understand a science it is necessary to know its history.”