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慨念
Concept
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認知定义 Definition of Cognition
認知 (cognition) 是認識和知曉事物過程的 總稱：包括感知、識別、記憶、慨念形成、 思維、推理及表象過程
Cognition is commonly defined as the “the process of knowing” It involved in perceiving, discrimination, memory,attention, learning, understanding, reasoning and judging etc.
实际上認知是大腦為解決問題而攝取、儲 存、重整和處理信息的基本功能
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认知障碍 Cognitive deficit
認知障礙有多方面的表現，如判斷、記 憶、注意、推理、抽象思維、排列順序 的障礙等
The cognitive deficit is an impairment to one or more of the processes, for example:….. resulting in a lose of efficiency or reduction of function.
B.比较基本水平的问题是不能充分地注意，对 简单刺激有反应如声音或物体(在恢复早期更 常见)
can be at a more basic level where a person is unable to adequately attend and respond to simple stimuli, such as sounds or objects (more often seen in the early stages of recovery)
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C.较高级水平的注意问题包括不能把注意力从一 件事上转到另一件事上，或分别注意同时发生的 两件事情上。
higher level of attention problems include the inability to shift attention from one task to another or divided attention between two simultaneous occurring events .
注意力代表了基本的思维水平，这个过程的破坏对其他认知领域有负 面影响
Attention/concentration represents a basic level of thinking,and disruption of this process may negatively impact all other areas of cognition
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注意力损害 Attention/concentration deficits
A.当进行一项工作时，不能持续注意，常是脑 损伤的后遗症。
an inability to sustain attention is often a consequence of brain injury while carrying out a task;
认知康复∶
评估与治ure
慨念 Concept 评估 Evaluation and Assessment 康复方式、方法、手段与场所
Rehabilitation approaches、modes and settings
訓練方法 Training 注意事項 Points to Note
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记忆过程 Memory process
Immediate memory
Temporary stage
Short term memory
Long-term memory
Primary memory
Working memory
Mainly describes declarative memory 10
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注意类型Types of concentration
Focused concentration
•capacity to concentrate on a relevant task and ignore irrelevant stimuli. •distractibility
Sustained concentration
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脑损伤后常见认知障碍表现
Description of cognitive impairment commonly
一般说来，脑损伤后认知障碍常见有6个 方面。
In general, there are six broad areas of cognition commonly impaired following brain injury:
•capacity to concentrate on a continuous task •attention span/vigilance
Divided & alternating concentration
capacity to respond on two or more tasks simultaneously (divided attention, mental tracking)
初级记忆Primary memory
For temporary, passive storage of information
information is held in conscious awareness (Immediate memory)
assess by digit span (5-7 chunks)
• capacity to move flexibly between tasks (alternating,shifting attention)
3Stringer, A.Y. (1996). A guide to adult neurological diagnosis. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis.
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工作记忆Working memory