Research question – what question are you trying to answer and what is the research topic of your paper?
Eg.3 Use of Engineering Metals
This article shows us the importance of metals in our daily life, especially in machine building and engineering construction. Metals that are used in industry are called engineering metals, of which the most widely-used is iron. Therefore, production of iron is very critical to the development of a nation.
Review of Abstract’s Purpose
Provides reviewer a quick study of your project as it is an overview of the purpose, means, and result of research.
Helps judges (both special and category) discern quickly whether the project qualifies for specific awards and whether the research is significant in its specific area.
Eg.4 Pure and Applied Science
In this article, the author holds that pure science is fundamentally concerned with the development of theories establishing relationships between the phenomena of the universe. On the other hand applied science, is directly connected with the application of the working laws of pure science to the practical affairs in the life, and to man's increasing control over the environment, thus leading to the development of new techniques, processes and machines. It is evident that many branches of applied science are practical extensions of purely theoretical or experimental work. It shows to us that these two branches of science are mutually dependent and interacting.
按照目录对全文内容的一个提纲挈领式的扼要描 述，一般只用二三句话概括论文的主题，而不涉及 论据和结论，多用于综述、会议报告等。
Abstract 1
This article extends Lehand and Pyle(1997)model to include the possibility that manager may exploit cooperate wealth through transactions with affiliated companies and/or individuals. The results of our model show that the amounts of wealth exploitation are affected by several factors. They are in orderly managerial stockholding, the severity of penalty, the manager's risk attitude, firm's expected future cash flows, and the variance of future cash flows. What's more, the relation between managerial holding and the amount of wealth exploitation is not separate. Wealth exploitation rises with management share holdings before the break point. When managerial holding exceeds the break point, any further increase in the management holdings will decrease the amount of wealth exploitation
Informs visitors (students, teachers, and the public at large) of the nature of the research.
Classification of abstrபைடு நூலகம்cts
descriptive abstract 描述型摘要(brief and qualitative, indicating what kind of research has been done)
ABSTRACT 2
The effect of price limit on the stock return, volatility and the structural change is analyzed through a generalized autoregressive conditional heterscedasticity（异方差性） (GARCH) model. The interaction between stock returns and its volatility is permitted in each price limit regime. While the stock return does not go up when the price limit goes down from 5%to 7%.The stock volatility, on the other hand, is substantially different across three regimes. The higher the price limit, the larger is the volatility. In end the GARCH model does not suffer from the structural change when price limits change.
"A well-prepared abstract enables readers to identify the basic content of a document quickly and accurately, to determine its relevance to their interests, and thus to decide whether they need to read the document in its entirety" (American National Standards Institute, 1979b).
Classifications
Informative/Indicative Abstracts
信息型摘要,也叫报道性摘要
- the primary research objective or purpose - method employed in solving the problems - principal findings or results - major conclusions and serves as a substitute for the full paper
What Is Abstract
An abstract should be viewed as a miniature version of the paper. The Abstract should provide a brief summary of each of the main sections of the paper: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion.
除介绍论文的要旨和要点外，一般还要说出有关 的实验（调查）结果、所得出的具体数据、所采 用的方法以及准确度、可信度分析等。多用于实 验（调查）类研究论文或技术性较强的研究报告。 显然，这种形式的摘要较陈述型摘要长得多。
Structure of an informative abstract |
Background – why do you want to do the research?/ the reasons for the proposed study
Objectives
Students will learn
What is the Abstract （Classifications，
Contents and Features）
How to Write Abstract Submission of Abstract Some Writing Tips