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初中英语语法精讲精练

David一名词的分类:1.名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词,专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。

普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。

普通名词又可分为下面四类:1)个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。

2)集体名词:表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。

3)物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。

4)抽象名词:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。

二,名词变复数:2 名词复数的不规则变化1)child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---men woman---women注意:由一个词加man 或woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men 和-women,如an Englishman,two Englishmen。

但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。

2)单复同形,如deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese ,li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin等。

但除人民币的元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。

如:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。

3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。

例如:people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说a person,a policeman,a head of cattle, the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用,如The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。

4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,一般是不可数名词,为单数。

b. news 为不可数名词。

c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。

The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。

d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。

例如:"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。

5)表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses (眼镜)trousers,clothes等,若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair(对,双);suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。

6)另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼。

物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量,如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice一则建议。

5. 定语名词的复数名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外。

1) 用复数作定语。

例如:sports meeting 运动会students reading-room 学生阅览室talks table 谈判桌the foreign languages department 外语系2)man, woman, gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。

例如:men workers women teachers gentlemen officials3)有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留。

例如:goods train (货车)arms produce武器生产customs papers 海关文件clothes brush 衣刷4)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。

例如:two-dozen eggs两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan.一个五年计划一、不定冠词的用法:1、泛指人或事物的类别,相当于any, 如: A hammer is tool. A steel worker makes steel.2、泛指某人或某物。

A boy is waiting for you. There is a book on your desk.3、表one或every。

We work 8 hours a day. I go home twice a month.4、表示the same 的意思。

Birds of a (= the same) feather flock together; people of a kind come together.5、用在不可数名词前a)(用在物质名词前)一种,一份 A large coffee for me. It was a wonderful tea.b)(用在某些表示风、雨等的名词前)It was clear daylight now and a fine rain was falling. There is a cold wind this morning.c)(用在抽象名词前)一种That is a great disappointment. It’s a pleasure to work with you.6、(用在某些专有名词前)某个叫…的人,一张…的画,一个象…的人等。

I saw a Mrs. Smith on the 12th at 2:00. He had a Van Gogh in the dining-room.What a strange London they saw! He’s a living Lei Feng.7、用于某些固定词组中。

a few, a little, a good many, a lot of, all of a sudden, as a rule, have a cold等。

8、在元音音素开头的名词前应用an, 如an apple, an English book。

要以发音为准,并非以元音字母而定。

如a university, an hour, an “h”, an X-ray examination.二、定冠词的用法。

1、表特定的或上文提到的人或物。

The boy likes the film. Shut the door, please. The old poor peasant has a son. The son is a model worker.2、表示世界上独一无二的东西。

the earth, the moon, the stars, the sun(但space前不用)3、用在序数词、形容词或副词最高级前。

the second, the tallest, the last, the first.4、用在由普通名词构成的国家、党派或组织机构等的专有名词前。

the United States; the People’s Republic of China;the Communist Party of China;the Chinese People’s Liberation Army;the No. 15 Middle School; the department of Education.5、用在某些建筑物名称前。

The Great Hall of the People; the Monument to the People’s Heroes;the Great Wall;the Capital Theatre; the Space Museum; the Peace Hotel。

6、用在江河海洋,山脉群岛,海峡海湾等专有名词前。

The Changjiang River, the Red Sea, the Dabie Mountains, the English Channel, the Taiwan Straits, the Persian Gulf。

7、用在报纸、会议、条约等专有名词前。

the People’s Daily(但:China Daily)the New York Times, the 15th Party Congress, the Geneva Agreement8、用在方位名词前,某些习惯短语中或结构搭配中。

on the left, in the east, in the morning, on the other hand, in the end, hit sb on the head, catch sb by the arm9、用在形容词前表一类人。

the poor, the dead, the young, the rich, the wounded.10、用在双方都知,不言而喻的名词前。

Give me the book. Who’s the man?11. 用在姓氏复数前表示一家人或夫妇二人。

the Smiths, the Greens, the Wangs, the Turners12. 用在单数可数名词前泛指某类人或物(指整个一类)。

The horse is a useful animal.The computer was invaded not long ago.13. 指世纪的年代。

in the 1890’s或in the 1890s14.用在表示乐器的名词前。

play the piano (the guitar, the violin, the flute)15. 用在某国语言前,构成the … language的形式。

The English language is very widely used all over the world.如果单用国家变来的语言名词形式,则不用the。

Chinese has the largest number of speakers in the world.16.用于“论(或按)……计”之类的意思。

He got paid by the hour. They sell the cloth by the meter.三.零冠词的场合。

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