初中英语语法知识精讲精练:动词(一) 知识概要动词在语言中是必不可少的一部分。
它的语法现象也较多,但在初中范围主要有以下几方面问题。
①时态:初中范围主要有一般现在时,一般过去时,现在完成时,过去完成时,将来时与过去将来时六种时态。
②语态:主动语态与被动语态。
③助动词和情态动词。
④非谓语动词,也就是不定式,动名词及现在分词的用法。
时态主要掌握以下几种时态的应用要点和习惯用法。
一般现在时:主要有以下三方面,①用来表示状态,特征或不受时间限制的客观存在和真理。
如:Matter exists in three states物质有三态。
又如:The earth moves around the sun②表示习惯性和经常发生的动作,如:I often go to bed at 9 ③在时间、条件等状语从句中表示将来要发生的动作,如:As soon as I get there I'll telephone you.一般过去时:①主要用于表达过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状态,如:I was ill last week. ②过去经常发生的动作或习惯性动作,如I used to get up at six.一般将来时:用于表示将要发生的动作,其构成方式①用will (shall)+动词原形来表达将来在某一时间内要发生,或经常、将要发生的动作或状态,如:School will begin on September 1st ②用be going to+动词原形,用来表示不久将要发生或打算去作的动作。
如:I'm going to swim this afternoon ③be+现在分词,也就是用某些动词的现在进行时表示将来,如:I'm coming。
这些动词只限于:go, come, leave, start, move, sail, arrive, reach, get to等动词。
④在状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。
现在进行时:用于表示现在正在进行的动作,如:What are you doing now?要注意的是表示状态,情感的某些词没有现在进行时,这些动词有:like, have (有),love, know, understand, remember, forget, see, hear, smell, taste, feel, wish hope, expect…过去将来时:用来表达从过去某时间点上看将要发生的动作,如:He told me he would come to my party.现在完成时与过去完成时:现在完成时的两个用处是:①用来表达在过去开始的动作持续到现在,如:I've studied English for two years.②用来表达过去发生的事但它影响到现在,如:I haven't had my breakfast. so I'm hungry now? 现在完成时与过去完成时的区别在于动作的截止时间,现在完成时所表达的动作截止于现在,而过去完成时所表达的动作截止于过去。
如:I haven't seen my old teacher for a long time 我好久未见到我过去的老师了。
是指到目前截止。
如果加上一句话,则将变为过去完成时,如:Yesterday I saw my old teacher. I hadn't seen him for a long time. 因为我好久未见他这一情况截止于昨天。
还要注意的一个问题是截止性动词可以有完成时,但不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,如:When I got to school, the class had begun 如果一定要讲开始几分钟了则要换用表示状态,或延续性动词,如:When I got to school, the class had been on for five minutes 语态:英语中只有主动语态与被动语态之分。
主动语态,句子中的主语是动作的执行者,如:I broke the window 而被动语态句子中的主语是主动语态句子中的宾语,如:The window was broken by me 被动语态主要用于,动作的执行者不明确,或没有必要说出来,如:The New building was built last week 关键要注意的是在主动语态中有省略不定式符号to的动词,在被动语态要还原,如:主动语态I saw him come in.被动语态He was seen to come in.助动词和情态动词:助动词本身没有词义,它只不过与实义动词一起构成谓语动词,形成了时态、语态、构成了疑问句,否定句,以及用来加强语气。
而情态动词则表达一种可能、必要、允许、愿望、猜测……的意图、倾向。
也用来表示语气的委婉和祝愿。
初中阶段主要有:can, could, may, might, will, would, must (have to), shall, should。
最后要谈论的是非谓语动词,非谓语动词分为不定式,和动词的ing形式,(即现在分词和动名词)。
虽然在初中范围,这一项不是语法重点,但还是要花一定时间去学习,为的是打下良好的基础。
为进一步学习提供良好的条件。
不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语。
如:To see is to believe.(百闻不如一见) He want to see a film 还可以作补足语,如:He wants me to leave.也可以作状语,如:I come here to learn English.动名词也可以起到上述作用,如:Seeing is believing. I like swimming very much. 而现在分词多用于作定语、补足语、状语,如:The girl driving a car is her sister.(定语) Did you notice his hand shaking?(宾语补足语)Hearing the noise, we stopped talking.(状语)(二) 例题解析1.Mr. Zhang asked me ___the words again.A. readB. readsC. to readD. reading[答案] C.[析]ask somebody to do something 要求某人作某事。
2.You ___play on the road. It's dangerous.A. mustn'tB. mayC. canD. must[答案]A.[析]must 用于否定句表示禁止做某事。
3.Mr. Brown ___in Beijing since 1993.A. workB. worksC. workedD. has worked[答案] D.[析]句中有since引导的时间状语,因此句中要用完成时态。
4.I ___ a letter when my mother came in.A. writeB. am writingC. was writingD. will write[答案] C.[析]当母亲进来时是一个瞬时的动作,而写信是一个长动作,所以写信这个动作应用过去进行时态,表示在写信过程中发生的另一个短动作。
5.It's not an important party, you needn't ___ .A. pay for itB. wear it outC. try it outD. dress up for it[答案] D. [析]pay for-为某物,某人付款,wear out-穿坏,磨破,tryout-选拔,挑选,而dress up-梳妆打扮。
6.Can I ___ a bike from him?A. lendB. returnC. giveD. borrow[答案] D.[析]borrow something from…为向某人某处借某物。
而lend, return, give后面的介词应用to。
7.- Must I stay at home?- No, you ___ .A. mustn'tB. needn'tC. may notD. can not[答案] B.[析]needn't 为"没有必要必须做某事",而mustn't为"禁止做",can not 为"不能做"。
根据题意是:你不一定待在家里。
8 - How long have you ___here?- About two months.A. beenB. goneC. comeD. arrived[答案] A.[析]have been here是个状态,可以与后面的长时间状语连接,而其他三个动词都是瞬间动词。
9. Stamps ___by people for sending letters.A. useB. usingC. usedD. are used[答案] D.[析]这里是被动语态,意为邮票被人们用来发信。
10 The radio says Tianjin will be ___tomorrow.A. rainsB. rainC. rainedD. rainy[答案] D.[析]rainy为形容词作表语。
11. If you don't know this word, ___in the dictionary.A. look for itB. look at itC. look after itD. look it up[答案] D.[析]look up 查字典,与look有关的词组有:look about 四周环视look after 照顾look around 周围,四处看look at 看look back 回顾look for 寻找look forward to 期待look out 当心look like 看上去像12. My father told me ___play on the street.A. notB. to notC. not toD. did not[答案] C.[析]不定式的否定式是not to do something.13. There is going to ___an English party this evening.A. beB. hasC. haveD. is[答案] A.[析]这里是there be 无生命的"有"加助动词的句型,即there will be,而没有there have 的句型。