第一章翻译的基本知识An Introduction to the Course of Translation﹡Literal translation at word level:Almond eye杏眼, moon face满月脸, a work full of sound and color有声有色的作品,heartless and brainless既没心肝又没头脑, milk the cow挤牛奶; mad cow disease; chain reaction ; bird flu; sleeping beauty睡美人; gene therapy基因疗法,Father Time时间老人, Mother nature自然之母, irony of fate 命运的嘲弄, paradise flowing with milk and honey遍地流着奶和蜜的天堂, be armed to the teeth武装到牙齿 the open door policy开放政策，the cold war 冷战，to fish in troubled waters 混水摸鱼，strike while the iron is hot 趁热打铁，at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟习语成语；He met his Waterloo.（典故）meet one's Waterloo是成语典故,由拿破仑在Waterloo遇到惨败﹡Literal translation at sentence level:1)Knowledge is power.知识就是力量2)Blood is thicker than water血浓于水3)Misfortune never comes singly.祸不单行。
4) like Constant dropping wears the stone.水滴石穿;5)The reasons for Disney’s success are varied and numerous, but ultimately the credit belongs to one person －the man who created cartoon and built the company from nothing.迪斯尼乐园的成功有多种因素,但是归根到底要归功于一个人,这个人发明了卡通画,白手起家,创建了这家公司.( start from scratch = set up a company from scratch )6)Now a World Heritage Site , Stonehenge and all its surroundings remain powerful witness to the once great civilization of the Stones and Bronze Ages , between 5,000 and 3,000 years ago.如今作为世界文化遗产,石柱圈及其周围工事依旧是五到三千年石器时代和青铜器时代伟大文明的确有力见证者.7)The line of trees that breaks the monotony of the pavement is laden with leaves in shades of russet. 一行树木打破了人行道的单调,树上长满了深浅不一的黄褐色树叶.（如何确定名词的词义，看其周围的单词， russet ）8)The Australian continent has many different climate zones ranging from tropical in the north , leading to subtropical and savanna, to arid deserts in the center and temperate in the south.奥洲大陆跨越许多种不同的气候带,有北部的热带,亚热带,和稀树草原,有中部干旱不毛的沙漠,还有南部的温带.＊直译误区：Misconcepts of literal translaiton一、否定句型中的直译误区1. 部分否定句型，这种句型不同于汉语的思维形式。
1)I do not know both of them. 对他们俩我不是都认识。
2)All the answers are not right. 答案并非全对。
3)Every body wouldn't like it . 并不是每上人都会喜欢它。
2. 单一否定中的部分特殊句型1）It was not until years afterwards that he heard of Semmelweis.误：没过几年他就听到了Semmelweis的消息。
正：直到数年之后他才听到Semmelweis 的消息。
2）It is a wise man that never makes mistakes.误：聪明人从不犯错误。
（逻辑不对）正：无论怎样聪明的人也难免犯错误。
It is a long lane that has no turings 再长的巷子也有转弯的地方。
3）We cannot estimate the value of modern science too much.误：我们不能过高地估计现代科学的价值。
正：对现代科学的价值无论如何重视也不过分。
评析：在此结构中cannot….too…, 越。
越，无论怎样。
也不过分，可以改为can hardly, scarcely, never, too ，还可以改为over +V, enough , sufficientsimilar:You cannot be too cautious.You can hardly praise him too muchA man can never have too many friends.Newton’s contribution to modern science can scarcely be overrated( 过高评价).He can’t see you quick enough .4) Jane does not work hard because she wants to earn money. 简并不是想赚钱才下力干的.二、修辞句型中的误区1）The girl is a dead shot.（比喻）这位姑娘是神枪手。
（不能译作"死射手"）2）After the failure of his last novel, his reputation s tands on slippery grounds.（比喻）他的上部小说失败之后，声誉一落千丈。
（不能译为"站在滑动的场地上了。
"3） At the door to the restaurant, a stunning, porcelain-faced woman in tradirional costumeasked me to remove my shoes.（比喻）译文："在通往餐厅的门口有一位女人，身着和服，涂脂抹粉、十分迷人，她叫我脱下鞋子。
"不能译为"一位迷人的陶瓷般脸蛋的妇女4）He went west by stage coach and succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver fever inNevada's Washoe Region.（借喻）误：他乘公共马车到了西部，患了瓦肖地区的金银发烧流行病。
正：他乘公共马车到了西部，卷入了淘金热和淘银热。
6)She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth.她长生在富贵之家。
（习语，增加语言的表达力）7）You should keep your nose out of here. 你别管闲事。
8）Good to begin well ,better to end well.善始更要善终。
2.2.2 free tranlation＊free translation at word level1) white lie (善意的谎言) 2) white elephant (华而不实的东西)3) a wet blanket He was such a wet blanket at the party that they never invited him again.他在那次宴会上真令人扫兴，人家再也不邀请他了4) utility pole (电线杆) 5) as beautiful as Helen. 美若西施/赛天仙。
（归化译法）/像海伦一样美丽/漂亮。
（异化译法）/海伦一样漂亮（海伦是古希腊的美女，是女神。
）（异化---直译加释译译法）＊free translation at sentence level11.)Every life has its roses and thorns.每个人的生活都有甜酸苦辣。
（句中通过引伸的方法将“玫瑰”和“刺”这两个带有特征形象的词译成了该形象所代表的概念的词：“甜酸苦辣”。
）12)He is trying to oil the judge’s palm. 他想贿赂法官13）He was slightly struck by the cashier, a young and giggling girl with ankles. 他有点被那个年轻漂亮咯咯笑的收款员所打动.(英美文化中把脚踝的好看与否作为评价女性漂亮与否的标准之一.)(文化)4翻译的标准Faithfulness and smoothness4.2.1 Faithfulness:1)Last spring, Mother Nature made April Fools of all of us who live in New England.去年春天，大自然捉弄了我们所有居住在新英格兰的人（原文洋，译文洋）。
2)More than twenty-five-million soldiers and civilians had died during the six years offighting.（美国人说：在为期六年的战争中，2500多万士兵和平民命丧黄泉。
黄泉，中国道教术语term in taoism，文化错位dislocation in culture，文化上的不忠实改为：丧命或不幸遇难）3）（忠实原文的口语体风格）------Who’s next? What is your name?------Nineteen eighty-one.-------Reason for leaving job?------I was replaced by a new year.-------And so you are applying for unemployment insurance?------I have tried to find out work but no one will have me.-----Why not?------No one will tell me the reason. They just say I’m too old and I can’t keep up.-----What did you do before you were fired?------I was a crisis manager. ( wang, 16)译文：下一位？叫什么（名字）？/1981/离职的原因？/被新一年替代了不。