现在分词无人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化. 其时态和语态的变化形式与动名词相同. 主动语态 被动语态
时态\语态
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
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（一）现在分词
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(2)、现在分词的句法功能 具有形容词和副词的特征,可充当成分: 表语 定语,宾语补足语, 状语
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C.有些表示心理活动的过去分词作定语,表 面是修饰它后面的名词,但实质是说明当事 者的心理状态。所以过去分词与它所 修饰的名词没有被动关系。 The surprised look showed that he hadn’t expected this. = (He was surprised and his look showed his surprise)
现在分词和过去分词
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非谓语动词
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什么是非谓 语动词啊？
“非谓语非谓语”, 就是不是谓语的动词 呗!
那不是谓语 是什么呢？
。。。。 。。
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一、 非谓语使用条件
一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句 （谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下 She got off the bus, but left her handbag on her seat. She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat.
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B.如果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前,分 词就要用完成时。 Having seen the film many times, he didn’t go to see it last night.

3)作条件状语,相当于由 if 引导的条件状 语从句
Using your head, you will find a way. =If you use your head, you will find …
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注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性。 ①时间性。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般时，如发 生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式having done。 ②语态性。与句子的主语之间的关系，是主谓关系 或动宾关系。 ③人称一致性。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的 主语。
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
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分词构句
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Practice
1. ______ the program, they have to stay there for another two weeks. A. Not having completing B. Not completed C. Not completing D. Not having completed

2)作原因状语,相当于由because/as 引 导的原因状语从句。
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A.和谓语动词的动作同时发生 Being ill, he didn’t go to school. =Because/As he was ill, he didn’t go … Not knowing what to do next, he went to his teacher for advice. = Because/As he didn’t know what to do next, he went to …
现在分词可在句中作时间、原因、 条件、结果, 让步、伴随或方式 等状语。
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1)作时间状语, 可以表示三个时间概念 A.表示和谓语动作同时发生,相当于 “as soon as” 引导的时间状语从句 Hearing the good news, he jumped up with joy. = As soon as he heard the good news, he … = On hearing the good news, he…
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四、非谓语动词充当的成分
主 表 语 语
不定式
宾 语
补 语
定 语
状 语
+
现在分词
过去分词 动名词
+ + + +
+
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + +
组成 介词 短语
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+
+
分词
现在分词与过去分词. 充当成分: 宾语补足语,表语, 定语, 状语.

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分词+现在分词/过去分词
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(1).现在分词
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3.现在分词作宾语补足语


用现在分词作宾补，说明宾语是动作的执 行者，形成逻辑上的主谓关系；

A.作感官动词的宾补, 如: see, look at ,watch, notice, find, observe, listen to, hear, smell taste, feel… 表示正在进行 的意义 We found them reading in the classroom.
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B.谓语动词的动作发生在分词动作的
Walking in the street, I came across an old friend. = When/While I was walking in the street, I came across an old friend.
过程中,表示”在做某事期间”相当于 由when/while 引导的时间状语从句。
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B.不及物动词的过去分词作定语只表示动 作的完成。与它所修饰的名词没有被动关 系。 fallen leaves=leaves that have fallen a retired worker=a worker who has retired the risen sun=the sun that has risen
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B.
后置定语相当于省略的定语从句
The girl who is sitting in the corner is adorable. We visited a temple which was built 200 years ago.

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■
The vegetables which are sold in this shop are grown without chemicals. The houses which are being built are for the survivors in the quake.
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2．The storm left , ______a lot of damage to this area . A．caused B．to have caused C．to cause D．having caused
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（二）过去分词
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(1).过去分词的语法形式

过去分词无人称和数的变化,也没有时态和语 态的变化。(done)
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1. 现在分词作表语


现在分词作表语起形容词作用,说明主语 的特征及主语所具备的动作功能。常译为” 使(令) … 怎样。” 如: The news is very disappointing. His story is very moving. (Encouraging, inspiring, exciting, interesting….)
(2)、过去分词的句法功能

具有形容词和副词的特征,可充当成分: 表语 定语,宾语补足语, 状语
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1.过去分词作表语

过去分词作表语,相当于一个形容词,说明

主语的状态。如， The glass is broken. He was lost in thought. They were deeply moved.
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B. 作使役动词的宾补, 如: have, get, keep , send, leave, catch…表示”使… 进行/处于(某种状态)” ,强调动作或状态 的持续性. The two girls had the light burning all night long.
4. 现在分词作状语
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注意:被动结构与系表结构的区别 这两种结构形式都是be+过去分词。 这两种结构的主要区别是:被动语态强 调所发生的动作,而系表结构表示的是 主语的特点或状态。 The cup was broken by my little brother. (被动结构) The cup is broken.(系表结构)
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2. 现在分词作定语（注意：P662-P664）
现在分词作定语, 表示主动意义,它与所修饰的名 词构成 主谓关系,通常可改为定语从句。它从以 下两方面来说明中心词。 A.表示动作正在进行 Don’t wake up the sleeping boy. = Don’t wake up the boy who is sleeping I don’ t know the man writing something over there. =I don’ t know the man who is writing something over there.
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4)作让步状语,相当于由 although/though 引导的让步状语从句 Getting up early, he was late for the meeting. = Although/Though he got up early, he was late for the meeting.
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英语一句话只能有一个主谓结构 如果出现更多动词： 加连词（and / but / so…） 放入从句 变为非谓语动词 例如：