美国论文：美国在苏伊士运河危机中的作用和影响【中文摘要】1956年发生的苏伊士运河危机是一次复杂的国际事件，也是冷战时期比较重要的事件之一。
它虽然只持续了几个月，但它的起因和过程都是复杂的，美国在整个危机中发挥了微妙的作用。
危机的结果影响了美国对中东的政策以及美英、美埃关系的发展，危机所引起的后果是深远的，并远远超出了中东的范围。
在这场危机中，美国、英国、法国、以色列、埃及、苏联等国都有充分的表演，虽然它是发生在埃及的事件，却是大国博弈的一次典型事件。
在这其中，美国在危机的过程中起到了十分重要的平衡作用。
美国在苏伊士运河危机中采取了和平解决危机的政策，为危机的和平解决做出了极大的努力，但它的政策受到英法等国的抵触，未能阻止战争的爆发，又产生了预想不到的后果。
近代的苏伊士运河于1869年正式开通，苏伊士运河公司成立于1858年，之后公司由英法两国把持。
美苏冷战开始后，美苏两国对中东的争夺加剧，埃及也成为重要的争夺目标。
埃及拒绝加参加美国推动成立的巴格达条约组织，并向苏联购买军火武器，美国就以取消援建阿斯旺水坝的贷款为手段逼迫埃及，纳赛尔却宣布将苏伊士运河公司收归国有，由此导致了了苏伊士运河危机的爆发。
可见，危机的发生既与苏伊士运河的历史渊源相关，又与当时美苏冷战的时代背景相连。
苏伊士运河危机爆发后，与运河有重大利益关系的国家都做出了不同反应，各个国家的不同反应为以后实行不同的政策埋下了伏笔。
美国做出了和平解决危机的决定，但是在具体的政策和实施上却受到国内各种因素的影响，美国的国会、公众舆论、中央情报局、总统和国务卿在苏伊士战争爆发以前，做出了不同的决策和产生了不同的影响。
国会和公众舆论并未产生实质性的作用，只是成为总统反对战争的一个工具。
中央情报局没有提供准确和完全肯定的情报，致使美国未能及时阻止战争的爆发，却从另一面限制了美国和平手段所起的作用。
总统和国务卿是美国外交政策的最终决定者，他们为和平解决危机进行了长达三个月的马拉松式的谈判，虽然没有改变英法使用武力的想法，却延迟了战争的爆发。
苏伊士运河战争爆发后，影响美国外交决策的各部门，主要包括国家安全委员会、参谋长联席会议、中央情报局、总统和国务卿又开展了不同的的外交政策和实践，对战争的结束起到了重要的作用。
美国国家安全委员会讨论制定了停火决议草案，美国参谋长联席会议提供了军事方面的信息和建议，美国在军事方面做好了准备，美国中央情报局对苏联方面的情报分析准确，把苏联威胁当作迫使英法投降的一种手段。
艾森豪威尔和杜勒斯继续致力于外交实践，对促使战争的结束起到了至关重要的作用。
美国在整个危机中的外交决策和实践的过程中对不同国家产生了不同的影响。
英法方面，战争发生之前，英法反对美国的政策，又想得到美国的支持，一方面与美国进行外交谈判，希望争取美国对他们军事行动的支持，另一方面对美国的失望和抱怨不断增多，最终与美国分道扬镳发动了战争。
战争发生之后，在美国的调和和压力之下，又不得不接受停火决议，从埃及撤军。
埃及方面，埃及支持美国的政策，希望通过美国限制英法的行为以缓解危机，战争发生后，又全力抵抗英法以的入侵，联合美国共同迫使了英法以三国的撤军。
苏联方面，美国警告苏联不要使用武力，苏联不想与美国发生武力战争，只想利用这场战争获取利益，所以未军事干涉苏伊士运河危机。
美国作为一个大国，在危机中发挥了重要的平衡作用，让英法与苏埃相互制衡，改变了危机的走向和结局。
【英文摘要】The Suez Crisis what happened in 1956 is not only a complexinternational events, but also is one of the most important eventsduring the cold war. Although it only lasted a few months, its cause and process arecomplex, the United States played a role of subtle throughout the crisis , The resultof the crisis influenced American policy toward the Middle East andthe development of Anglo-American relations and American-Egyptian relations.So the consequences caused by the crisis are far-reaching, and far beyond the scope ofthe Middle East.In this crisis, the United States, Britain, France, Israel, Egypt,the Soviet Union have adequate performance. Although it happens in Egypt,but it is a typical countrygame events.In this one, the United States in the process of crisis plays a very importantrole of balance. The United States has taken apeaceful solution to the Suez Crisis , ithas made great efforts for the peaceful resolution of the Suez Crisis, but Britain andFrance and other countries conflict its policy .It failed to prevent the outbreak of war,and produced the unexpected consequences.The Suez canal was officially opened in 1869, the Suez canal company wasfounded in 1858, the company was controled by Britain and France since 1858. Afterthe beginning of the cold war, the United States and the Soviet Union intensified in theMiddle East, Egypt is also one of the important goals. Egypt refused to add to theorganization that the United States promoted to establish and bought arms weaponsfrom the Soviet Union.the United States canceled the loan aid of Aswan dam ,as themeans to force Egypt cancel arms trade. But Nasser announced he Suez Canal companynationalization, which resulted in the Suez Crisis. Visible, the outbreak of the SuezCrisis is not only associated with the history of the Suez Canal, but also with the background of the Cold War.After the Suez Crisis, the countries which have a significant interests with theSuez Canal, made a different responses, each national different responses buried thepractical groundworkfor the different policies. The UnitedStates made a peacefulsolution to the Suez Crisis, but the specific policy and implementation wereinfluenced by various factors.Before the outbreak of the war ,the United StatesCongress, public opinion, the Central Intelligence Agency, the president and theSecretary of state made a different decision and produced different effects. Congressand the public opinion did not produce a substantial role, just become a tool ofPresident against the war. The CIA failed to provide accurate and complete certaininformation, caused the United States failed to prevent the outbreak of the wartimely,but limited the role of America peaceful means. The president and the Secretaryof state are the makers of United States foreign policy, it lasted three months of amarathon type negotiations for a peaceful solution to the crisis , it did not change themethod to use force of ideas, but delayed the outbreak of the war.After the outbreak of the war, the influence of American diplomaticdecision-making departments, mainly including the national security council, the JointChiefs of staff , the Central Intelligence Agency, the President and the secretary of statecarried out the different foreign policy and practice, they have played an important roleto the end of thewar. The national safety council discussed the draft resolution for aceasefire, American joint chiefs of staff provided the military aspects of the informationand advice ,The USA is ready for the military. Central Intelligence Agency to Sovietintelligence analysis of accurate, sure the Soviet union will not military interventionEgypt things, but can use the Soviet union as a threat to Britain and France and forcedto surrender a method. Eisenhower and Dulles continued to committe to diplomacypractice, contributed to the end of the war and played a crucial role.The United States foreign policy and practice in the whole of the crisis haddifferent effects to the different countries. Before the war, the British and the Frenchwere against the policy of the United States, and they wanted to get the support of theUnited States, on one hand, they were on a diplomatic negotiations with the United States ,they hoped to win the support of military action from the United States.Onthe other hand , the disappointment and complain about the United States were increase,eventually they parted ways with the United States and launched the war. After the war,in the the harmonic and pressure of the United States, they had to accept a ceasefireresolution, withdrawal troops from Egypt.Egypt supported the policy of the UnitedStates, hoped throughthe United Statest o limit the behavior of Britain and France andto ease the crisis. After the war,they resisted the invasionby all the methods, andforced the British France and Israel withdrawal by together with American force. TheUnited States has warned the Soviet union not to use force, the Soviet union and theUnited States didn’t want to use force, just want to use the war for interests, so it did notinterfere the Suez Crisis by military. In the crisis, the United States as a power, playedan important role of balance,made Britain , France and Soviet union ,Egypt of balances,It changed the direction of the crisis and the ending.【关键词】美国苏伊士运河危机英国美埃关系【英文关键词】the United States the Suez Crisis the United Kingdom Anglo-American relations【目录】美国在苏伊士运河危机中的作用和影响中文摘要6-8Abstract8-10导言11-16(一) 论文选题的意义11-12(二) 国内外关于该课题的研究12-15(三) 论文的创新点15-16第一章苏伊士运河危机发生的背景16-21(一) 苏伊士运河问题的历史缘由16-17(二) 危机发生前美国对中东及埃及的政策17-21第二章苏伊士运河危机的爆发及西方各国的反应21-25(一) 苏伊士运河危机的爆发21(二) 西方主要国家的反应21-25第三章战争爆发前影响美国外交政策的主要机构的决策和作用25-37(一) 国会和公众舆论的决策及作用25-27(二) 中央情报局的决策和作用27-29(三) 总统和国务卿的行动和作用29-37第四章战争发生后影响美国外交政策的主要机构的决策和作用37-44(一) 国家安全委员会的决策37-38(二) 参谋长联席会议的决策38-40(三) 中央情报局的作用40-41(四) 艾森豪威尔和杜勒斯的作用41-44第五章美国在苏伊士运河危机中的影响44-57(一) 对英法的影响44-49(二) 对埃及的影响49-53(三) 对苏联的影响53-57结论57-59参考文献59-63攻读学位期间发表的学术成果63-64致谢64。