1.判断题（）1. Operating system first appeared during the third computer generation. （）2. Unlike the other buses, the address bus always receives data fromthe CPU; the CPU never reads the address bus.（）3. The main operations of set algebra are complementation, union and intersection.（）4. If an empty stack is popped, we say the stack overflows, which is normally an error.（）5. The CPU can be shared in a sequential manner only.（）6. Freeware is free software with no restriction.（）7. When writing data to memory, the CPU first outputs the data onto the data bus, then outputs the address onto the address bus.（）8．The FORTRAN programming language was developed during the first computer generation.（）9．A stack is a dynamic set that obeys the FIFO property.（）10．Two popular strategies for resource allocation are static allocation and dynamic allocation.（）11．The CPU can be shared in a sequential manner only.（）12. A program written in the assembly language of one microprocessorcan run on a computer that has a different microprocessor.（）13. Object-oriented programming(OOP) is a programming language model organized around “objects” rather than “actions” and data rather than logic. （）14. FORTRAN is a particularly good language for processing numerical data, but it does not lend itself very well to organizing large programs.（）15. C++ and Smalltalk are two of the more popular object-oriented programming language.2.词汇Vacuum tube 真空管general purpose 通用transistor 晶体管：大规模集成电路）Large Scale Integrated Circuit（LSI．VLSI(Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit）：超大规模集成电路Mainframe 大型机medium-sized computer 中型机minicomputer 小型机Microcomputer 小型机machine language 机器语言assembly language 汇编语言high-level language 高级语言Multiprogramming 多道程序设计virtual memory 虚拟存储time-share 分时Batch system 批处理系统interactive system 交互式系统Instruction cycle 指令周期Address bus, data bus, control busInternal register内部寄存器external register 外部寄存器flag register标志寄存器Instruction register 指令寄存器program counter程序计数器combinatorial logic组合逻辑Control signal 控制信号instruction code指令代码instruction pipeline指令流水线Bidirectional 双向的unidirectional 单向的ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit) 算术逻辑单元Decimal system十进制binary system 二进制quinary system 五进制duodecimal system 十二进制Boolean algebra 布尔代数set algebra 集合代数empty set 空集universal set 全集intersection 交complement 补finite set 有限集infinite set 无限集Stack 堆栈queue 队列underflow 下溢overflow 上溢pseudocode 伪码LIFO(Lastin first out) 后进先出FIFO(First in first out) 先进先出Linked list 链表doubly linked list双向链表Circular list 循环链表Resource allocation 资源分配user interface 用户接口static resource allocation 静态资源分配dynamic resource allocation 动态资源分配sequential sharing 串行共享concurrentsharing 并行共享resource preemption 资源抢占memory sharing 存储器共享sequential program 顺序程序concurrent program 并发程序packet filtering firewall 包过滤防火墙intrusion detection 入侵检测open source 开放源代码的Middleware 中间件liteware 不具备部分性能的共享软件shareware 共享软件freeware 免费软件CAD/CAM Computer Aided Design/Manufacture 计算机辅助设计/制造Software life cycle 软件生存期Software engineering 软件工程System engineering and analysis 系统工程与分析Software requirement analysis 软件需求分析Prototype 原型fix-it coding 纠错式编码，修改式编码MIS/DP（Management Information System/Data Processing）管理信息系统/数据处理Machine language 机器语言assembly language 汇编语言OOPL(Object-oriented programming language) 面向对象的程序设计语言3、选择（）1．Which one below is not a characteristic that we associate with a true computer today?A．electronic B．automatic C．stored-program D．general-purpose（）1．Which one below was the first machine whose design included all the characteristics of a computer.A．Z3 B．Mark I C．ENIAC D．EDV ACWhich characteristic was not belong to ENIAC?________．1）（．A．electronic B．general-purpose C．stored program D．capable of performing thousands of operations per second（）1．Which one below is the world's first computer to become operational?_____ A．EDSAC B．BINAC C．UNIV AC D．EDVAC（）1．Which one below is the first computer to operate in the United State?_____ A．EDSAC B．BINAC C．UNIV AC D．EDVAC（）1．Which one below is the first commercially available computer?_____A．EDSAC B．BINAC C．UNIV AC D．EDVAC（）1．The _______ was the most popular first-generation computer.A．ENIAC B．EDSAC C．UNIV AC I D．IBM 650（）1．The first minicomputer became available in 1960, and its name was_______ .A．UNIVAC 1 B．IBM 360 C．PDP-1 D．PDP-8（）1．The most popular minicomputer in third generation was_______ .A．UNIVAC 1 B．IBM 360 C．PDP-1 D．PDP-8（）1．Which one below is not a feature of modern operating systems________. A．multiprogramming B．virtual memory C．compatibility D．time-sharingWhen writing data to memory, the CPU first outputs the______ onto．2 ）（the ____ bus, then outputs the ____ onto the _____ bus.A．address address data data B．data data address addressC．address data address data D．data address data addressWhen the CPU fetches data from memory, it first outputs the memory．2 ）（___on its _____ bus, then memory outputs the _____ onto the ____ bus. A．address address data data B．data data address addressC．address data address data D．data address data address（）2．The _______ bus consists of n lines, which combine to transmit one n-bit address value. -A．address B．data C．control D．system（）2．Which one below is not a register that belongs to the register section of a processor. A．program counter B．instruction register C．flash memory D．flag register（）5．Which one below is not a system provided resource?A．files B．CPU C．memory D．printer（）5．Which kind of resource can be shared in a concurrent manner?A．memory B．printer C．data files D．CPU（）5．Preemption of system resources is used by the OS to enforce __________in their use by programs.A．efficiency B．fairness C．speed D．utilization（）6．_________ enables the application software to interact with the computer. A．Middleware B．Operating system C．System software D．Shareware（）6．Which one below is not a key element of software engineering?procedures．D tools ．C designs ．B methods ．A．（）7．Which one below is not the benefit og object-oriented programming? A．inheritance B．data hiding C．reuse D．complex4．填空1、The characteristics that we associate with computers today are that the machine is electronic, that it has a stored program, and it is general purpose.1、the features of modern operating systems include multiprogramming, virtualmemory, and time-sharing.2、When writing data to memory, the CPU first outputs the address onto the_________, then outputs the data onto the ___________.2、When the CPU fetches data from memory, it first outputs the memory address on its _____________, then memory outputs the data onto the _________________.2、The bus is a collection of individual control signals.2、The is the procedure a microprocessor goes through to process an instruction2、The signal is a signal on the control bus which the microprocessor asserts when it is ready to read data from memory or an I/O device.3、The ______ of any two sets (subsets of a given set) consist of those elements that are in one of the other or in both given sets.3、The _________of any two sets consists of those elements that are in one or the other or in both given sets; The _______of two sets consists of those elements that are in both given sets.4、The INSERT operation on a stack is often called ________, and the DELETE operation is often called _________.4、The INSERT operation on a queue is often called ________, and the DELETE operation is often called _________.5、OS functions can be classified into resource allocation and related functions, and user interface functions.5、Two popular strategies for resource allocation are: _____________________ and______________________.5、Two ways of resource sharing are: ____________ _____________ and______________________.6、Software is often divided into ____________software and ___________ software.6、The term_________ is used to describe programming that mediates between application and system software or between two different kinds of application software._________ software controls the computer and enables it to run the __________ software、6．and hardware.7、Lying between machine languages and high-level languages are _assembly languages_,which are directly related to a computer's machine language.Object-oriented programming(OOP) is a programming language model、7organized around “”rather than “actions”and rather than logic.7、All high-level language programs must be translated into machine language so that the computer can understand it. There are two ways to do this: compile the program or the program.5．翻译1、A computer is an electronic device that can receive a set of instructions, or program, andthen carry out this program by performing calculations on numerical data or by compiling and correlating other forms of information.1、As more and more transistors were put on silicon chips, it eventually became possible to putan entire computer processor, called a microprocessor, on a chip.随着越来越多的晶体管被集成到硅芯片上,将一整个计算机处理器（称为微处理器）放在一个芯片上终于成为可能。