Until 11 The automobile’s further development will be determined by already existing and steadily increasing requirements, by additional further requirements and by the technical possibilities for meeting these requirements. The following focal points for development and research efforts can be discerned:汽车的进一步发展取决于已经存在的、目前稳定增长和未来的需求以及为了满足这些需求的技术。
下来给出发展研究的几个要点：2Further improvements of the automobile through products innovation in all classis functions, i. e. performance, fuel economy, environmental impact, safety, comfort and reliability.传统功能的产品革新，比如：性能、燃油经济性、环境友好、安全、舒适性和可靠性。
3Further development of new technologies such as electrics, alternative materials, new test and production methods.新技术的发展，比如：电气、替代材料、新型测试和生产技术。
4 Long-range solutions for traffic problems such as highway congestion, smog in cities and carbon dioxide enrichment of our atmosphere.解决交通问题的技术，比如：交通拥堵，城市烟雾和温室效应。
Until2Exercises1 What is the purpose of an automotive engine?To supply the power needed to move the vehicle.2 What is the difference between a gasoline engine and a diesel engine?A gasoline engine uses an electric ignition system with spark plugs to ignite the fuel. And a diesel engine uses the heat of compression to ignite the fuel.3 What are the basic systems to run a spark-ignition engine required?Fuel system, ignition system, lubricating system and cooling system.4 List the strokes of a four-stroke-cycle gasoline engine operation.The intake stroke, the compression stroke, the power stroke and the exhaust stroke.5 What is the function of the flywheel?It is used to store sufficient energy to move the piston and related parts through the other strokes (exhaust, intake and compression)Translate.1 A car usually has a piston engine. It consists of several moving part: pistons, connecting rods, crankshaft, camshaft, valve lifters, intake valves and exhaust valves. The cast iron or aluminum engine block holds the moving parts. The engine block has a series of holes which are called cylinders. The cylinders can be arranged in line or in a V-shape and in the upper part of the block. Each cylinder holds a piston and the connecting rod. A circular ring is used to seal the small gap between the piston and the cylinder wall. The lower part of the block is called crankcase which holds the crankshaft with bearing mounts. Pistons are connected to the crankshaft by connecting rods.汽车一般使用活塞式发动机。
活塞式发动机由活塞、连杆、曲轴、凸轮轴、气门挺杆、进气门和排气门等运动部件组成。
这些运动部件安置在铸铁或铝合金机体内。
发动机体上有些凹洞，这些凹洞被称作气缸。
气缸在机体上部呈直列式或V型排列。
每个气缸都有活塞和连杆。
活塞和气缸壁之间的微小缝隙通过一个圆环密封。
机体的下部是曲轴箱，里面是带有轴承的曲轴。
活塞和曲轴之间通过连杆连接。
2 The cylinder heads are the top covers of the cylinders which are tightly bolted to the top of the block. The cylinder heads contain combustion chambers. Each combustion chamber contains at least one intake and exhaust valve and one spark plug per cylinder. The valves are opened and closed in a specific sequence with valve lifters controlled by the camshaft. The camshaft is connected to the crankshaft through a time belt.气缸盖是气缸的上盖，其通过螺栓与上机体连接。
气缸盖下是燃烧腔。
每个气缸的每个燃烧腔都至少要有一个进气门，一个排气门和一个火花塞。
气门被由凸轮轴控制的气门挺杆按一定的顺序打开和关闭。
凸轮轴和曲轴之间通过正时带连接。
Unit 3 Automotive Lubrication SystemExercises1 What is the purpose of automobile lubrication system?Reducing friction to minimize wear and loss of power2 Explain what the function of oil is.Form a seal between the pistons, rings, and cylinders.Cool engine parts.Clean carbon and varnish.Absorb the shock and dampen the noise.4 Name at least three common additives used in compounding oils.Antiscuff additives.Corrosion inhibitor.Detergent-dispersant.Foam inhibitor.Viscosity index improver.6 Explain how oil reduces friction.All moving parts ride on a thin film of oil instead of metal-to-metal contact.7 Define the word viscosity.The body and fluidity of the oil.8 What is detergent oil?Clean engine parts during operation and keep contaminants in suspension in the oil.9 What is the difference between the full flow filter system and the bypass filter system?The bypass filter system allow oil to circulate through the engine when the filter becomes too clogged for oil to pass through it.Translate1 The purpose of the lubrication system is to circulate oil through the engine. Many parts inside the engine, such as the camshaft, crankshaft, connecting rods, and pistons are connected to other metal parts. When parts rub together, friction is created. Friction produce heat. Although two metal surfaces may appear smooth to the naked eye, they may look rough when seen through a microscope.润滑系统的作用是让润滑油在发动机循环。