2.4 Jean-Paul Vinay(1910-1999) and Jean Darbelnet (1904-1990)
Jean-Paul Vinay was born in Paris and studied English at the Sorbonne before obtaining an MA in Phonetics and Philology from the University of London I 1937.then he moved to Canada in 1946 as a professor and head of the dep. of the Linguistics and Translation, and in 1967 he moved to the University of Victoria in British Columbia.And Jean Darbelnet was born in Paris, he taught French at Harford before moving to Canada in 1940, where he taught at McGill University until 1946, setting up a three-year program of translation. Their book Stylistique comparee du francais et de l’anglais (1958) is a landmark work not particularly because of its contribution to comparative linguistics but because of what it expressed in the subtitle: methode de trduction, claiming that a linguistic comparison of languages could in itself found a translation method. The work thus gave rise to a taxonomic mode of translation theory ostensibly aimed at helping translators to translate.
2.3 Roman Jakobson (1896-1982)

A Russian-American linguist, a leading authority on Slavic languages, he is the principal founder of Prague school of structural linguistics and of phonology. His major publications include Preliminaries to Speech Analysis ( with G. Fant and M. Halle, 1952) and Fundamentals of Language ( 1956).

5 Development since 1970s
1. Introduction
As translation historian claim, the classical revival of the 19th century and the emphasis on technical accuracy, combined with a spirit of exclusivism among the intelligentsia, conspired to make the 19th century pedantic in its attitude towards translation. The 20th century witnessed a radical change in Western translation studies. In fact, 5 developments have had a significant effect on the theory and practice of translation during the 20th century:



1) Rapid development of structural linguistics; 2) Application of methods in structural linguistics to deal with special problems of translation; 3) The United Bible societies, which conducted international conference of translation and began publishing a quarterly journal ( Bible Translation), for which they were in close contact with linguistics; 4) Publication of „Babel‟ , which helps translators get to know about new tools and aids and become aware of the changing conditions; 5) The development of various projects on machine translation which has progressed through different phases and provided us with important insights into semantic theory and of structural design.
2. The Representatives in the Classical Revival of the 1 Water Benjamin(1892-1940)
He is now generally recognized as one of the most original and influential thinkers of the 20th century. In his essay “ The task of the translator”(1923), he said: “ a translation participates in the „ afterlife‟ of the ST, enacting an interpretation that is informed by a history of reception. This interpretation does more than transmit messages; it recreates the values that produced the ST over time. And insofar as the linguistic differences of this text are signaled in the TL, they ultimately convey a philosophical concept, “ pure language”, a sense of how the “ mutually exclusive” differences among languages coexist with “ complementary” intentions to communicate and to refer, intentions that are derailed by the differences.” For Benjamin, translation differs a Utopian vision of linguistic “ harmony”.
2.3.1 Jakobson’s 3 Descriptions of Translation:
1 ) Intralingual translation / rewording 2 ) Interlingual translation / translation proper 3 ) Intersemiotic translation / transmutation


4. Descriptive Translation Studies
4.1 Holmes 4.1.1 The general branch of Holmes‟s framework 4.1.2 The applied branch of Holmes‟s framework 4.1.3 Holmes‟s Translation Policy 4.2 Jeremy Munday
Jakobson follows the relation set out by Saussure between the signifier and the signified. From a linguistic and semiotic angle, he approaches the problem of equivalence with the following, now famous, definition: equivalence in difference is the cardinal problem of language and the critical concern of linguistics. For him, the problem of meaning and equivalence focuses on differences in the structure and terminology of languages rather than on any inability of one language to render a message that has been written in another verbal language.