化学专业英语复习题1.构成原子最重要的的粒子是质子，中子和电子，原子的质量是由核中质子和中子数近似确定的：The most important constitute atomic particles are protons, neutrons and electrons. The total mass of an atom is determined. Very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.2、在元素周期表中,元素的性质是随着原子数周期性变化的，每个周期以活泼的金属元素开始，活泼的非金属结束。
从左到右，非金属性逐渐增强，金属性逐渐减弱。
In the periodic table ，the nature of elements changed cyclically with atomic number ,each period begins with a very reactive metal right ,elements show decreasing metallic character and increasing metallic character .3．当需要在一个官能团化合物的某一个活性选择性的进行反应时，其他活性基团暂时性的被保护起来。
很多保护基已经或正在发展用于这个目的。
When a chemical reaction is to be carried out selectively at one reactive site in a multifunctional compound, other reactive sites must be temporarily blocked, many protective groups have been, and are being developed for this purpose.4、常温下，烷烃和浓硫酸，沸硝酸等不发生化学反应。
但在光的引发下易发生氯化反应。
该反应是一个自由基键反应，包括链引发，链增长，链终止三个步骤。
Alkanet is not attached by concentrated sulfuric acid boiling nitric acid at room temperature .but in light initiating askance happens chlorination easily .it’s a free radical chain reaction ,including the chain initiating step ,chain growth step ,chain termination step .5、例如：盐酸归为酸，由于已经熟悉作为不同类别的酸的性质，我们就可以知道这一化合物的一般性质。
For example:Hcl is classed as an acid , and by becoming familiar with the behavior of acids as a distinct class, we are at once aware of general properties of the compound.6、硫酸被碱中和可以形成酸式盐和正盐，若酸中的H被两种不同的金属原子取代则形成复盐。
If H2SO4 is neutralized by an base, acid salts and normal salts may be formed .if the hydrogen atoms in an acid are replaced by two or more different metals, a mixed salt results.7：酸和碱生成盐和水的反应叫做中和反应，若酸和碱部分被中和测形成酸式盐或碱式盐。
The reaction of an acid with abases to produce a salt and water is called neutralization. If an acid or a base is neutralized partly, an acid salt on a basic salt will be formed.8：研究以乙醚为溶剂，格式法合成苯甲酸的工艺考察了反应时间，反应温度，物料对比反应得出了最佳工艺条件。
We study the technology of preparing the benzoic acid by the Grignard reagentwhich generally use anhydrous as the solvent test the effect of the reaction time .temperature nature obtain the excellent technology . 9：研究一贴为催化剂，在500摄氏度，NH3分解为N2和H2的工艺。
考察了反应时间，压力催化剂对反应的影响，并对反应机理做了初步探讨。
We study the technology that pure ammonia decomposes into nitrogen and hoofer at 500gin the presence of iron salt the catalyst .test the effect of the reaction time .pressure and catalyst and explore preliminarily the reaction mechanisms.10、有机合成就是通过一个或多个反应？？？的转化为另外一种物质。
也就是一种官能团转化为另一种官能团，由于存在条件合成路线，因此要综合考虑收率，限制条件费用等因素。
Organic synthesis is the preparation of an organic compound from readily available starting materials by the use of one or more reactions.In other words, it’s a number of reactions that can transform one functional group into another.Because there’s more than one synthetic route, we evaluate each synthesis in terms of yield .limitations, expense, and so on.11、格式试剂只有在完全无水和无氧，空气存在时，才能成功的制备，因此进行格式试剂反应时，一定要保证仪器和试剂的无水。
Grignard reagents can be prepared successfully only in a completelyanhydrous medium and in an atmosphere that is free of oxygen .therefore ,in carrying out a Grignard reaction .one must take care to dry the apparatus and all of the reagents.12、当系统状态有一个状态转为另一个状态，其内能的变化可以由△E=Q+W得出，其中寝室系统吸收的热，W是环境对系统的功。
When a system changes from one state to another ,the change in internal energy is given by △E=Q+W where is a is the heat absorbed by the system and W is the work done on the system .13实际上没有必要知道每一个E1，和E2的值。
始态和终态之间的能量差才是最重要的，并且通常很方便就能测定。
It’s seldom necessary to know the individual values of energies E1 and E2.the difference in energy between two states is of prime importance and is usually conveniently determined.14．根据能量守恒定律，能的形式可以相互转化，淡既不能凭空创造，也不能凭空消失。
Based on the first law of thermodynamics, however energy can neither be created nor destroyed.15、根据热力学第二定律，当△G=0时，体系处于平衡状态。
Based on the second law of thermodynamics ,if △G is zero ,the system is in a state of equilibrium .一、烷烃特征：-ane甲烷Methane 庚烷Heptane 乙烷Ethane 辛烷Octane丙烷Propane 壬烷Nonane 丁烷Butane 癸烷Decane 戊烷Pentane 十一烷Undecane 己烷hexane 十二烷dodecane二、基团特征：-yl甲基Methyl 庚基Heptyl乙基Ethyl 辛基Octyl丙基Propyl 壬基Nonyl丁基Butyl 癸基Decyl戊基Pentyl 十一基Undecyl 己基Hexyl 十二基Dodecyl三、烯烃特征：-ene乙烯Ethylene，ethene丙烯Propylene，propene丁烯Butylene，butene戊烯Pentene慎用pentylene己烯hexene四、醇类一般为：基团+ alcohol 或–anol甲醇Methyl alcohol Methanol乙醇Ethyl alcohol Ethanol丙醇Propyl alcohol propanol丁醇Butyl alcohol Butanol戊醇Pentyl alcohol pentanol己醇Hexyl alcohol hexanol五、酰甲酰基Formyl乙酰基Acetyl六、酰胺amide甲酰胺Formamide乙酰胺Acetamide七、酰亚胺imide八、醛Aldehyde甲醛Formaldehyde Form aldehyde 乙醛Acetaldehyde Aldehyde丙醛propionaldehyde propylaldehyde九、酮Ketone丙酮Acetone丁酮Butanone十、羧酸Carboxylic acids甲酸Formic acid乙酸Acetic acid丙酸propionic acid十一、酯Ester乙酸酯，乙酸盐Acetate乙酸乙酯Ethyl acetate乙酸钠Sodium acetate十二、其它丙烯酸acrylic acid丙烯酰胺acrylamide十三、数字单，一Mono，uni Monocycle,二，双Bi-, bis-, di- Bicycle三Tri- Tricycle四Tetra-多Poly十四、位置正Normal，n- normal hexane 异Iso- isopropyl alcoholExample：ButadienePolyethylenepoly(methyl methacrylate)polyacrylamidepolytetrafluoroethylenepoly（ethylene glycol）十五、脂环化合物环Cyclo-环己烷Cyclohexane环己醇Cyclohexanol环氧乙烷ethylene oxide十六、芳香族苯Benzene甲苯TolueneMethyl benzene（少）二甲苯Xylenedimethyl benzene（少）乙苯Ethylbenzene萘Naphthalene苯基phenyl十七、主要芳香族衍生物苯乙烯Styrene聚苯乙烯P oly s tyrene苯酚Phenol酚基phenolic group苯甲酸benzoic acid对苯二甲酸terephthalic acid聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯p oly e thylene t erephthalate, PET十八、实验室常用词汇烧杯Beaker量筒graduated cylindermeasuring cylinde烧瓶Flask三颈瓶three-necked bottle试管Tube天平Balance，scale试剂Reagent化学纯chemically pure, C.P.分析纯analytical reagent, A.R.化学专业英语1.Write the Chinese of the following compounds or phrases (20 points, each 2 points)1) standard electrode potential 2) alcoholic solution3) alkaline storage battery 4) chemical nomenclature5) methyl vinyl ether 6) infrared absorption spectroscopy7) multimolecular reaction 8) nuclear magnetic resonance9) polymerization initiator 10) solubility parameter2.Answer the following questions in English. (16 points, each 8 points)1)Describe the origin of the law “like dissolves like” in a paragraph of 50 words.2)Please list the commonly used methods for the purification of chemical substances (at least4 methods required).3.Translate the following sentences into Chinese (14 points)1)In nanotechnology, a particle is classified according to size: In terms of diameter, fineparticles cover a range between 100 and 2500 nanometers, while ultrafine particles, on the other hand, are sized between 1 and 100 nanometers. (4 points)2)The ozone layer can be depleted by free radical catalysts, including nitric oxide, hydroxyl,atomic chlorine, and atomic bromine. While there are natural sources for all of these species, the concentrations of chlorine and bromine have increased markedly in recent years due to the release of large quantities of manmade organohalogen compounds, especially chlorofluorocarbons and bromofluorocarbons. (5 points)3)All chemical transformations pass through an unstable structure called the transition state,which is poised between the chemical structures of the substrates and products. The transition states for chemical reactions are proposed to have lifetimes near 10-13 seconds, on the order of the time of a single bond vibration. (5 points)2009 —2010学年第一学期化学与材料学院（系）07级应用化学专业《专业英语》期末试卷1.Write the structural formula or Chinese name for each of the following(2% for each answer):（1）barium ion: （2）chlorate ion:（3）potassium ion: （4）carbonic acid:（5）ammonium ion: （6）pyrrole:（吡咯）（7）polystyrene: (聚苯乙烯) （8）p-hydroxybenzoic acid:(对羟基苯甲酸)（9）benzonitrile (苄腈) （10）critical pressure: （临界压力）（11）methanal: （甲醛）（12）buffer solution :（缓冲溶液）（13）alkali burette:（碱式滴定管）（14）extract ：(萃取) （15）tetrasulfur dinitride: （S4N2）（16）aldose:（醛醣）（17）sodium dihydrogenphosphate (磷酸二氢钠)（18）zinc oxide:（19）6-ethyl-4-methyldecane:（20）quantitative analysis: （定量分析）2.Write the English name for each of the following(2% for each answer):（1）IBr: （2）天平（balance）（3）阴离子(anion) （4）H2SO3（5）滴液漏斗: （dropping funnel）（6）CuNO3:（7）AgF: （8）滴定（n.）:(titrate)（9）Ca(MnO4)2: （10）辛醇:（11）十三烷：（12）(CH3CH2)2Hg: (diethylmercury)（13）CH3CHCH CH2CH3:（14）CH3CH2CHCOOHCH3:（15）CHOHONH2：（2-amino-5-hydroxybenzaldehyde）3.Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese:(1)Pick the size of your separatory (sep.) funnel. You will usually use 125 or250-mL, large scale reactions (1–10 g) can require 500-mL or 1-L sizes.Remember that your sep. funnel will contain the solvent and wash liquid which must be thoroughly mixed.(5% for the answer)参考答案：挑选出你要的分液漏斗的大小。