语言学必考名词解释ngue: refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech com mun ityLan gue: the lin guistic compete nee of the speaker.2.Design feature: are features that define our human Ianguages, such as arbitrariness, duality, creativity,displacement, cultural transmission, etc.3.Synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but notn ecessarily, the prese nt), as its point of observati on. Most grammars are of this ki nd4.Arbitrariness: one design feature of human Ianguage, which refers to the face that the forms of lin guisticsig ns bear no n atural relati on ship to their meaning.5.Duality: one design feature of human Ianguage, which refers to the property of hav ing two levels of arecomposed of eleme nts of the sec on dary. Level and each of the two levels has its own principles oforganization.6.Displacement: one design feature of human Ianguage, which means human Ian guage en able their users tosymbolize objects, eve nts and con cepts which are not prese nt c in time and space, at the mome nt of com muni catio n.pete nee: Ian guage user' un derly ing kno wledge about the system of rules.8.Prescriptive: the study of a Ianguage is carried through the course of its history.Prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be, i.e. lay ing dow n rules for Ian guage use.9.Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular Ian guage.10.Assimilati on: the cha nge of a sound as a result of the in flue nce of an adjace ntsound, which is more specifically called. ” con tact ” or ” con tiguousassimilatio n.11.Connotation: a term in a contrast with denotation, meaning the properties of the en tity a word deno tes.12.Refere nce: the use of Ian guage to express a propositi on, meaning the properties of the en tity a word denotes.Refere nce: the use of Ian guage to express a propositi on ,i.e. to talk about things in con text.13.Sense: the literal meaning of a word or an expression, independent of situatio nal con text.14.Linguistic determinism: one of the two points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, i.e. Ian guage determ ines thought.15.Parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances).16.Interlinguage:the type of Ianguage constructed by second or foreign Ianguagelearners who are still in the process of learning a Ianguage,i.e.the Ianguage system between the targetlanguage and the learner ' s native Ianguage.17.Tra nsfer: the in flue nee of mother ton gue upon the sec ond Ian guage. Whe n structures of the twoIanguages are similar, we can get positive transfer of facilitation; when the two Ianguages are different in structures, negative tran sfer of in fere nee occurs and results in errors.18.Perlocutionary act: the act performed by or resulting from saying something, it ' the consequenee of, or thechange brought about by the utteranee.19.Hyponymy: a relation between tow words, in which the meaning of one word (the superord in ate) is in cludedin the meaning of ano ther word(the hyp onym)20.Alloph one: any of the differe nt forms of a phon eme (eg. <Th>is an allopho neof /t/in En glish. Whe n /t/occurs in words like step, it is un aspirated<t>.Both<Th>a nd <t>are alloph ones of the phon eme/t/.21.Error analysis: is the process of determining the incidenee, nature, cause and con seque nee of un successfulla nguage22.Utteranee: 1.A spoken word, statement, or vocal sound 2.The action of saying or express ing somethi ng aloudthe simple uttera nee of a few platitudes 3.A nunin terrupted cha in of spoke n or writte n Ian guage23.Interferenee: a process more commonly known as negative transfer, which occurs when an L1 patter is differentfrom the eounterpart pattern of thetarget la nguage.24.Predication analysis: is a way to analyze the meaning of sentences. A sentence composed of a subject andpredicate, is a basic unit for mea ning an alysis iscalled predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence25.Cohesion: refers to the way in which text “ hang together ” ; to the resourceswith in Ian guage that help relate ideas and in formatio n and make linksbetwee n differe nt parts of a text26.Polysemy: words have two or more than two senses27.Speech act: refers to an action performed by the use of an utteranee.28.Lin guistics: gen erally, it is defi ned as the scie ntific study of the Ian guage29.Phon etics: is the study of product ion of speech sounds30.Sema ntics: is gen erally defi ned as the study of the meaning of lin guistic un its. to be more specific,the meaning with which linguistists are concerned is defined as linguistic semantics语言学考试范围1.Does the traffic light have duality? Explain the reasons.2.IC analyzes the sentence structure with brackets or a tree diagram.Lovely Jane ran away.3.What are Leech ' s seven types of meaning?Con ceptual meaning. Conno tative meaning. Social meaning.Affective meaning. Reflected meaning. Collocativemeaning.Thematic meaning4.What are the differences between modern linguistics and traditi onal grammar?5.Explain surface structure and deep structure.6.What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?7.What are the four maxims of the CP?8.Analyze the structure of a syllable. Give one example to illustrate.9.Explain the two terms “ sense ” and “ referenee ” and what is theirrelati on ship?10.What are the differe nces betwee n errors and mistakes?What are the major views concerning the study of meaningWhat are the major views concerning the study of meaning?(1)The naming theory 命名论----One of the oldest notions converning meanings, and also a veryprimitive one, was the naming theory proposed by the ancientGreek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic formsor symbols, in other words, the words used in a Ianguage aretaken to be labels of the objects they stand for. So words are justnames or label for things.命名论是最原始的语义理论，该理论是把词看作所指事物的名称。