3.2.1 The nature of meaning:advances in semantics and pragmatics

意义划分层次


linguistic meaning
referential meaning emotive（or connotative) meaning
3.2.1 The nature of meaning:advances in semantics and pragmatics
“能指”和“所指”共同组成语言“符号”

3.1 Roman Jakobson: the nature of linguistic meaning and
equivalence Summaries to Make and Linguistic Viewpoints to Learn
Langue Abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community A set of conventions and rules language users all have to abide by Parole Realization of langue in actual use. Det. + N may be realized in actual use as the book, the desk, the radio, etc. concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules
equivalence Examples of differences:

the level of gender


the level of aspect
the level of semantic fields
这些例子展示了语言间的差异，不过他们所表述的概念 仍然是跨语言交际时能够表达的。 在 Jakobson 看 来 ， 只 有 诗 歌 “ 不 可 译 ” ， 需 要 creative transposition
3.1 Roman Jakobson: the nature of linguistic meaning and
equivalence

Saussure :langue and parole （语言和言语） langue指语言系统，parole指语言实际运用时的具体表达
语言理论具有的核心意义：区分“signifier”（能指，口头或 书面符号） 和“signified”（所指，具体的概念）
[and] surface structure: creation of the world back transform : B(object, the world) is the goal of A (event, creates)
3.2.2 The influence of Chomsky

（analysis）
¦
Y
Nida 三步翻译体系（Nida and Taber 1969: 33)
3.2.2 The influence of Chomsky
转换生成语法的四种功能类型
events (often but not always performed by verbs) objects (often but not always performed bu nouns) abstrcts (quantities and qualities, including adjectives) relationals (including conjunctions) gender, prepositions and

Chomsky's generative-transformational model将句子分解 成一系列互相关联的层次，彼此之间有各种规则进行 控制。以简化的形式，该模式的核心特征总结如下： 短语结构规则生成一个潜在结构或deep structure deep structure 由转换规则转换，转换规则把一个个潜 在结构联系起来，生成最终的surface structure surface structure本身服从于语音规则和构词规则
3.2 Nida and 'the science of translating'

Toward a Science of Translating (Nida 1946a)

The Theory and Practice of Translation (Nida and Taber 1969)
Nida 试图将语言学的最新研究成果导入翻译研究，从 而将《圣经》翻译带入一个崭新的科学阶段。 Nida的翻译研究方法更具有系统性，其理论概念和术语 来自语义学、语用学以及Noam Chomsky 关于句法结构 的研究，该研究后来形成了转换生成语法理论。
equivalence 'On linguistic aspects of translation' (1959) intralingual translation interlingual translation →linguistic meaning and equivalence intersemiotic translation

3.1 Roman Jakobson: the nature of linguistic meaning and
equiva等问题应该关注the structure and terminology of languages 而不是关注某种语言无法把另 一种语言中的信息表达出来。


3.2.1 The nature of meaning:advances in semantics and pragmatics

具体词汇分析方面——“分析意义的科学方法” Nida 著作的核心理念：抛弃了“词汇意义固定”的旧 有看法，转而对意义采用功能性的定义，即词汇从其 语境中“得到”意义，而且还因文化不同而产生不同 的变化
grandfather
第一代 第二代 第三代 第四代 男性 + + + + +
grandmother
+
father
mother
uncle
aunt
son
daugther
grandson
granddaugther
+
+
+
+ + + + + +
女性
直系 旁系 +
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
+
3.2.2 The influence of Chomsky


源语的表层结构被分析称深层结构的基本组成部分，然 后在翻译过程中得到“转移”，再从语义和文体上重新构 造为目标语的结构
3.2.2 The influence of Chomsky

A（SL）
B（TL）
¦ ↓
X ——————— (transfer)—————→
↑
（restructuring）



Chomsky 认为该模式的架构中，最基本的结构是kernel
sentences
3.2.2 The influence of Chomsky

Nida 把Chomsky‟s model 的基本概念融入自己的„science of translation' Nida 发现这一模式为译者提供了一种为 SL进行解码的 技巧，也提供了一种为TL进行编码的程序
3. Equivalence and equivalent effect
Key concepts

Roman Jakobson: 可译性和意义对等

Nida: “科学”翻译方法

Nida: 形式对等和动态对等及等效原则：关注接受者
3.1 Roman Jakobson: the nature of linguistic meaning and

① ② ③ ④
3.2.2 The influence of Chomsky

Nida 提供了许多的分析实例，如区分使用介词of 的不同结 构
surface structure: will of God



back transform : B(object, God) peforms A(event, wills)
Abstract; it is not the language which people actually use
Relatively stable
Concrete; naturally occurring language events
Varying from person to person, from situation to situation

3.2.2 The influence of Chomsky
BOX 3.1 Greek ST: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 egeneto anthropops, apestalmenos para theou, onoma auto loannes Literal transfer (stage 1): 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 became/happened man, sent from God, name to-him John Minimal transfer(stage 2): 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 There CAME/WAS a man, sent from God, WHOSE name was John Literary transfer (stage 3,examples taken from Ame standard version.1901) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 There CAME a man, sent from God, WHOSE name was John 2 6 7 8 3 4 5 or A man, NAMED * John WAS sent BY God