英国文学1、T he Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1)Beowulf 最早epic ( national epic 民族史诗) 隐喻（Metaphor）手法2)Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）3)这个时期的文学英雄半人半兽（Half man and half beast）4)Three tribes: Anglo、Saxons、Jutes2、G eoffrey Chaucer ( 1343-1400)1)the father of English peotry英国诗歌之父2)代表作：●the Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷●The House of Fame●Troilus and Criseyde（Troilus and Cressida）●《公爵夫人之书》（The Book of the Dutchess）3)音步●the iamb (iambic)(抑扬格):●the anapest (anapestic) (抑抑扬格)●the trochee (trochaic) (扬抑格)●the dactyl (dactylic) (扬抑抑格)●Monometer，Dimeter ，Trimeter ，Tetrameter●Pentameter: most commonly used●Hexameter，Heptameter，Octameter3、T he Renaissance (16世纪) 文艺复兴时期1)(Greek and Roman) 戏剧drama 诗章canto2)humanism 人文主义：admire human beauty and human achievement●Humanism is based on such a conception that man is the measure ofall things.●Renaissance humanists found in the classics a justi-fication to exaltehuman nature and came to see that human beings were gloriouscreatures capable of individual development in the direction pfperfection.●They placed great emphasis on the dignity of man3)代表人物：●Thomas More 托马斯.莫尔Utopia 乌托邦●Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根第一个散文家(essayist)●Thomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特引入十四行诗的第一人sonnet(十四行诗)：form of poetry intricately rhymed(间隔押韵) in14 lines iambic pentameter●Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯宾塞poet’s poet(诗人中的诗人)作品：The Fairy Queen《仙后》(epic poem 史诗)●Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗.马洛作品：Blank Verse(无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格) 是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。
●William Shakespeare 威廉姆.莎士比亚戏剧drama四大悲剧（Tragedy）：Hamlet(哈姆雷特)，Othello(奥赛罗)，KingLear(李尔王)，The Tragedy of Macbeth(麦克白)四戏剧：The Merchant of Venice ，A Midsummer Night's DreamTwelfth Night ，As You Like It悲喜剧：The Romantic Tragedy: Romeo and Juliet4、t he period of Revolution and Restoration (17世纪)资产阶级革命王权复辟)1)文学形式：Prose 散文2)文学特点：the Puritans(清教徒) believed in simplicity of life、disapproved ofthe sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals.清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离。
3)代表人物●John Donne 约翰.多恩metaphysical poets (玄学派诗人) 代表人物作品：sonnet 十四行诗《Death be not proud》作品特点：①strike the reader in Donne’s extraordinary frankness andpenetrating realism.(坦诚的态度和现实描绘)②novelty of subject matter and point(新颖的题材和视角)③novelty of its form.(新颖的形式)●John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿a great poet（poem 诗歌blank verse ）《Defense for the English People》为英国人辩护《Paradise Lost》失乐园“Satan is not a villain”撒旦不是坏人《Paradise Regained》复乐园●metaphysical poets (玄学派)特点：①With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets tried to breakaway from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan lovepoetry.②The imagery is drawn from the actual life. The form isfrequently that of an argument with the poet's beloved, withGod, or with himself.5、T he Age of Enlightenment (18世纪) 启蒙运动Neo-Classicism(1700-1764)1)英国玄学派诗人Andrew Marvell To His Coy Mistress ？？2)Rise of English novel3)Characteristics of neo-classicism●Poetic diction (elevated style and use of schemes and tropes (修辞)).●Learning are important. Distrust of human nature●Imitation—distrust of individual genius.●Taste for satire and irony: e.g., mock epic (讽刺叙事诗)●Emphasis on order and the “rules”●Assumption of an ordered, structured society, modeled on the chainof being●Faith in reason4)代表人物●Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛福realistic novel现实主义小说Novel：《Robinson Crusoe》鲁宾逊漂流记《Jonathan Wild》乔纳森.威尔德《Moll Flanders》摩尔.弗兰德斯Robinson is not common sailor. He is a businessman who takesoverseas business as his cause.Robinson isa bourgeoisie with adventurous spirit,a bourgeoisie of practical spirit,a bourgeoisie of colonizing character.●Jonathan Swift 乔纳森.斯威夫特《Gulliver’s Travels》格列佛游记novel 反讽In which the horses, superior and intelligent, govern human beings.Yahoo s, members of a race of brutes having human form, live inunspeakable degradation. This part shows how mean the humanbeings are.●Henry Fielding 亨利.菲尔丁father of modern fiction(现代小说之父)6、P re-Romantic Period(1764-1798)1)(dry reasoning emotional nature)2)Experimenters before the Romantic Movement:Thomas Gray, Robert Burns and William Blak3)代表人物：●Thomas Gray代表作：Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” (墓园挽歌）●William Blake 威廉.布莱克诗人poet代表作：Songs of Innocence《纯真之歌》Songs of Experience《经验之歌》●Robert Burns 罗伯特.彭斯苏格兰诗人poet A great “peasantpoet”代表作：Auld Lang SyneA Red, Red Rose第1段：a freshly bloomed rose and a pleasing melody sightand hearing第2段：sea drying up and rocks melting with the sun toshow the strength of his love.第3段：overcome any obstacles of time and distance tocome back and will be with her again.4)Pre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and theFrench Revolution前浪漫主义极大地影响了工业革命和法国大革命。