iminirdis-
impolite, impossible, impatient… informal, independent, injustice… irregular, irresponsible, irresistible…
disadvantage, disorder, dislike…
缺点
2. refrigerator → fridge 冰箱
3. telephone → phone 电话
逆向法
一、概念
把原词词尾去掉，形成新的单词。
二、例词
1. caretaker 看管者→ caretake 看管 2. editor 编辑 → edit 编辑，校订
混合法
一、概念
各取两个词的一部分而组成一个新词。
kiss(亲吻)
kiss(吻)
walk(步行)
walk(散步)
转化法2(CONVERSION)
名词转化为动词
book(书) seat(座位) book(订) seat(就坐)
形容词转化为动词
calm(镇静的) slow(缓慢的) calm(平静) slow(减慢)
hand(手) back(后背)
spy(间谍)
endanger, encourage… enrich, enlarge, endear… outsmart, outnumber…
智胜
比…多
5
常见前缀2—构成反义
构成方式 unil例词 unable, uncertain, unhappy, unluckily, undo illegal, illogical, illiterate…
一、概念
将两个或多个词按照一定顺序排列构成新词。 二、类别 词性
合成名词
例词
football, blackboard, waiting-room, income, father-in-law, breakup, download
合成动词
daydream, overcome, quick-charge, blowdry
二、例词
1. news broadcast→ newscast 新闻广播 2. smoke and fog → smog 烟雾
End
Hale Waihona Puke 20合成形容词 kind-hearted, good-looking, fulltime, outdoor 合成副词 合成代词 empty-handed, however myself, someone
转化法1(CONVERSION)
一、概念
从词类转换衍生出新的词义。
二、方法
1. 动词转化成名词 2. 名词转化成动词
hand(递) back(支持)
spy(监视)
warm(温暖的) warm(热) dirty(脏的) dirty(弄脏)
lower(更低的) lower(降低) 16
缩略法(ABBREVIATION)
一、概念
将单词缩写生成新词，词义、词性等都保持不变。
二、例词
1. examination → exam 考试
大学英语语法之构词
讲解人 杨姗姗
构词法概述
目 录
构词法细则 构词法例词
构词法(WORD-FORMATION)
派生法
主 要 构 词 法
合成法
转化法 缩略法
逆向法
混合法
3
派生法(DERIVATION)
一、概念 由词缀和词根结合构成单词。 二、方法 1. 加在前 unhappy 2. 加在后 actor
常见后缀1—名词后缀
后缀
-an -ance
例词
Asian, American, Russian, African… attendance, performance, assistance…
-ation
-dom -ence -er -ese -ess
education, examination, pronunciation…
杂乱
不喜欢
常见前缀3—特定意思
构成方式
anti-(反) auto-(自动) bi-(双) co-(共同) down(向下) ex-(以前的) fore-(前部的) full-(完全)
例词
antiwar, anticancer, antipollution… automobile, autotimer, auto-record… bicycle, binoculars… co-operate, co-edit, co-exit… downstairs, downhill, downwards… ex-wife, ex-lover, ex-husband… forehead, foreleg, forearm… full-time, full-speed, full-strength… 7
3. 形容词转化成动词
转化法1(CONVERSION)
动词转化为名词
swim(游泳) snow(下雪) water(浇水) plant(浇灌) swim(游泳) snow(雪) water(水) plant(植物) lie(说谎) lie(谎言)
dream(做梦) dream(梦) love(爱) push(推) love(爱) push(推)
常见后缀2—形容词后缀
后缀
-ful
-ing -ish -ive -less -ly -ous -some -y
例词
peaceful, careful, helpful, useful…
exciting, convincing, interesting, amusing… Irish, selfish, foolish, childish… creative, active, attractive, effective… careless, homeless, endless, useless… friendly, lovely, lively, early… nervous, dangerous, furious, famous… lonesome, tiresome, troublesome, handsome… rainy, windy, dirty, cloudy…
freedom, kingdom, wisdom, boredom… difference, preference, existence… diver, writer, dancer, reporter… Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese… actress, princess, goddess, hostess…
-hood
-ian
childhood, neighborhood, motherhood…
magician, musician, historian…
8
常见后缀1—名词后缀
后缀
-ion -ist -ity -ment -ness -or -ship -ure
例词
action, decision, collection, creation… pianist, violinist, scientist, communist… equality, majority… development, movement, arrangement… happiness, sadness, weakness… actor, sailor, visitor, director… friendship, leadership, ownership… pleasure, failure, pressure…
3. 既加前又加后 disagreement
三、类别 1. 前缀(一般只改变词义，不改变词性) 2. 后缀(一般只改变词性，不改变词义) 4
常见前缀1—改变词类
构成方式 a. a例词 asleep, aboard, aside…
b. bec. emd. ene. enf. out-
befriend, bewitch, behead… embark, embed, empower…
9
常见后缀2—形容词后缀
后缀
-able
-al -an -ant -ed -en -ent -ic
例词
valuable, miserable, comfortable, loveable…
national, original, cultural, logical… American, African, Korean, Canadian… important, pleasant, ignorant, tolerant… excited, interested, worried, bored… woolen, golden, wooden, earthen… different, dependent, existent, consistent… realistic, poetic, historic, economic…
11
常见后缀3—副词动词数词后缀
后缀
副词后缀 动词后缀
例词
clearly, finally, usually, luckily… widen, sharpen, simplify, notify, memorize, apologize…
数词后缀
twenty, fourteen, ninth…
合成法(COMPOUND)