英语句子成分分析一、主语（subject）：句子说明的人或事物The sun rises in the east.(名词)He likes dancing.（代词）Twenty years is a short time in history.(数词)Seeing is believing.(动名词)To see is to believe.(不定式)What he needs is a book.(主语从句)It is very clear that the elephant is bigger than the tiger.二、谓语（predicate）：说明主语的动作、状态和特征We study English.三、表语（predicative）：系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征He is a teacher.(名词)He is asleep.(形容词)His father is in.(副词)The picture is on the wall.(介词短语)The question is whether they will come.(表语从句)◆联系动词（Link verb）：简称系动词，本身具有词义，但它不能单独用作谓语，后面必须跟表语，构成系表结构，说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
常见的系动词有：be动词（is/am/are/was/were）,感官系动词（look/smell/sound/taste/feel）,seem(似乎；好像)，appear(显得；看起来好像)，keep，remain, stay(保持)，prove（证明是），动态系动词get(变得)，grow（渐渐变得），turn（变成（与原来完全不同的色彩和性质）），go(变得)，become, come(变成为（已知的状态）)，run, make, fell✧英语中某些动词即可用作系动词，也可用作实义动词，作为系动词用时无被动语态。
e.g. The apple tastes good. The apple is tasted by me.系动词除了能接adj./ n./ prep.短语和某些adv.以外，还可接以下几种表语形式：①能接as if/as though引导的表语从句的系动词有：look(看起来)，smell（闻起来），sound（听起来），feel（摸起来，感觉起来），appear(显得)，seem（似乎；好像）e.g. It looks as if we are going to have snow.②可用于“It+系动词+that从句的有：seem，appear，不可用lookIt seemed that he had made serious mistakes in his work.It appeared that he was talking to himself.③用不定式作表语的系动词有：be，seem, get, look, appear, prove, growe.g. She looks to be a young girl of twenty.My advice proved to be wrong.He seems not to be her father.四、宾语（object）：（表示行为的对象，常由名词或代词担任，放在及物动词或者介词之后）① 动宾e.g. I like China.(名词)He hates you.(代词)How many do you need? We need two.(数词)I enjoy working with you.(动名词)I hope to see you again.(不定式)Did you write down what he said?(宾语从句)②介宾e.g. Are you afraid of the snake?③双宾语（直接宾语指人；间接宾语指物）——give sb. sth.e.g. He gave me a book yesterday.五、宾语补足语（宾补）：对宾语的补充e.g. We elected him monitor.(名词)We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here.(名词)We will make them happy.(形容词)We found nobody in.(副词)Please make yourself at home.(介词短语)Don’t let him do that.(省to不定式)His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(带to不定式)Don’t keep the lights burning.(现在分词)六、主语补足语（主补）：对主语的补充He was elected monitor.(名词)She was found singing in the next room.（现在分词）He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(不定式)七、定语（attribute）:是用来说明或限制名词的成分，常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任，在汉语中常译为“…的”。
单个的形容词作定语时通常放在所修饰词之前，而相当于形容词的短语或从句通常放在所修饰名词的后面。
e.g. He is a chemistry teacher.(名词)He is our friend.(代词)He is a tall boy.(形容词)八、状语(adverbial)：状语是用来说明动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的成分，状语常由副词担任，状语通常可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。
副词在修饰动词时可放在动词之前也可以放在动词之后；而修饰形容词和副词时放在它们之前。
e.g. The meeting will be held in the meeting room.The meat went bad because of the hot weather.He studies hard to learn English well.He did n’t study hard so that he failed in the exam.英语五种基本句型：① SV(主+谓)② SVP(主+系+表)③ SVO（主+谓+宾）④ SVOO（主+谓+双宾）⑤ SVOC（主+谓+宾+宾补）定语从句讲解(一) 关系词定语从句中的关系词只有两类：关系代词和关系副词；没有连词。
也就是说，定语从句中的所有关系词不但都有具体的意义而且都在从句中担任一定的成分。
1）关系代词：who , whom , whose , which , that 等。
●who用于代替"表示人的意义"的先行词，并且在从句中作主语；在现代英语里，也可取代whom在从句中作动词的宾语。
例如：I have no idea about the man who wrote the article .The little boy who is singing there can recite quiet a number of Chinese poems .●whom 用于代替"表示人的意义"的先行词，并且在从句中作动词或介词的宾语。
在现代英语里，如果whom在从句中作动词的宾语，它与who可以通用；但是如果whom在从句中作介词的宾语，那么就只能用whom，而不能用whom了。
当然，如果在口语或非正式文体中，介词没有提前，也就没有这点要求了。
例如：Who is the girl whom ( who ) you talked to just now ?They are looking for the patient on whom doctors just performed an operation . （此句中whom不能换成who）●whose 用于代替"表示人或物意义"的先行词，在从句中作定语，往往与它所修饰的名词一起构成一个名词短语在从句中担当成分。
Whose常表达"某人的、某物的"之意。
例如：Do you know the name of that girl whose brother is your roommate ?Water whose boiling point is at 100 degree Centigrade has no color, no flavor.●which 用于代替"表示事物意义"的先行词，在从句中作主语、宾语。
例如：Views which are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept .I've got a novel which you may like to read .That was a fault which could not be forgiven . 那是不能饶恕的错误。
●that 既用于代替"表示人或事物意义"的先行词；在从句中既可以作主语，也可以作谓动词的宾语，但是不能作介词的宾语。
在一定范围内，that = who / whom / which 。
例如：Views that (which ) are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept .Who is the girl to that you talked just now ? （错误）✧如果关系代词在定语从句中作宾语,可以将其省略。
例如：This is the book ( which ) you were looking for yesterday .I don't like the novel ( that ) you are reading .Who is the man ( whom ) you're talking about ?✧定语从句中，关系代词的单复数取决于先行词的单复数。
例如：This is the magazine which was sent to me by post .关系代词that 和which的区别that 和which在一般情况都可以用于代替"表示事物意义"的先行词，在从句中作主语、宾语。