工业工程的真正价值Real IE ValueIn additi on, the IE now has a greater opport unity to concen trate on any one of a broad variety of areas that many compa nies now recog nize as in dividual departme nts-i nclud ing simulati on, operations research, ergonomics, material handling and logistics.值得一提的是，工业工程现在有更多的机会去集中于现在许多企业已经视为独立的学科的众多领域中的一个-----包括防真学、运筹学、人因学、物料搬运和物流学。
Work-measured Labor Standards 基于作业测量的劳动标准If you are a manu facturer, cha nces are you have a bill-of-materials (BOM) system to determ ine sta ndard parts cost. Do you also have an equivale nt bill-of-labor system to determ ine sta ndard labor cost? 如果你是一个制造商，你有可能会有一个物料清单系统来确定标准件的成本。
你是否也能得到类似的劳动力清单系统来确定标准的劳动成本？Time study ------ The most widely used tool to develop standard times is still time study. Timestudy reflects what is happening in your job or project. It is also easy to learn and use. Now, the PC has made summarizati on of time study data a matter of sec onds in stead of hours.时间研究----用来开发标准时间使用最广泛的工具依然是时间研究。
时间研究能把你的工作或者项目中发生的事情展现出来。
时间研究也比较容易学习使用。
如今，电脑用几秒而不是几小时就能总结时间研究。
Activity sampling -------- An often overlooked tool is activity sampling, usually called worksampli ng by North America n IEs. In this tech niq ue, a group of workers are observed at ran dom times and their in dividual activities no ted each hour. After a week or two, the average time spe nt on each activity can be calculated, and statistically justified. The average time per piece can then be determ in ed. 活动抽样----一个经常被忽视的工具是活动抽样，北美的工业工程师通常称之为工作抽样。
这种技术抽取随机时间观察工人并在每个小时对他们个人的活动作出记录。
一两周后，每个活动的平均花费时间可以被计算并系统地定义下来。
每件工作的平均时间就能够确定。
Let ' quickly review the techniques, and put them into perspective according to the tasks for which they apply:•moti on an alysis: very short, repetitive tasks;•time study: short, repetitive and variable tasks;•activity sampli ng: Ion ger, variable tasks;•historical data: long, repetitive and variable tasks;•estimates: seldom performed, variable tasks.让我们快速回顾这些技术，并弄清楚它们适用的任务•动作分析•时间研究•活动抽样•历史数据时间非常短的重复性时间短的重复性变量时间较长的可变工时间较长的重复性匚宇工作。
冒工作作；T变工作；•估计：很少执行的可变工作P30Elements ----- I n dividual work-measured times are ofte n referred to as sta ndard eleme nts orstandard data. Some companies maintain standard data in ring binders, but most don ' t even bother catalog ing in dividual work-measured time eleme nts. APC-based system en courages sta ndard data development and application because it simplifies the process and eliminates extra paperwork. Most software programs offer in tegrated moti on-level sta ndard data in the form of an in tegrated PMTS. But your time study, activity sampling, historical data, and estimate elements are also legitimate standard data elements. Such elements can be cataloged in a computerized standards system for rapid applicati on to worker sta ndards. This is much faster tha n look ing them up in a ring binder.原理----独立作业测量次通常被称为标准单元或标准数据。
一些公司把标准数据记在环形手册里面，但大多数公司不干扰记录独立作业测量时间单元。
一个基于计算机的系统有利于标准数据的开发和应用，因为它简化了这个过程，消除了额外的文书工作。
大多数软件程序以一种预定动作时间系统的形式提供集成的动作水平标准数据。
但时间研究，工作抽样，历史数据，估计单元是合理的标准数据原理。
这种原理可以在计算机编目标准体系以便于快速应用于职工的标准。
这样会比去查环形手册要快得多。
Operations ----- worker sta ndards are ofte n referred to as operati on or process sta ndards, and are typically paper systems just beggi ng for computerizatio n. The operati ons or process level is the core level in any PC-based sta ndards system, and it ofte n offers side ben efits such as manufacturing line balancing. Frequencies, allowances, internal elements, setup elements, workplace layouts, assembly sketches, operator in struct ions, and other worker-orie nted aspects are also han dled at this level.运营操作----职工标准通常被称为操作或处理标准，通常是纸面上的没有计算机化的系统。
在任何基于计算机的标准系统中操作或流程级别是核心级，它通常带来了副作用如生产线平衡。
频率、宽放时间、内部要素，设置要素，工作场所的布局，装配示意图，运营商指令，和其他工人取向方面也在这个层次上处理。
21 世纪的工厂布局Next Generation Factory LayoutsAn alter native to a function al layout is a cellular con figurati on, in which the factory is partiti oned into cells, each dedicated to a family of products with similar processing requirements. Although cellular factories can simplify work flow and reduce material han dli ng, they are gen erally desig ned to produce a specific set of products whose dema nd levels are assumed to be stable and product life cycles sufficie ntly long In fact, cells are usually dedicated to sin gle product families with little allowa nce for in tercell flows. Cellular factories are in efficie nt whe n dema nd for exist ing products fluctuates or new products are in troduced ofte n. Some authors have proposed alter native cellular structures to overcome these problems, such as overlapping cells, cells with machine shari ng, and fractal cells. Although an improveme nt, these alter natives rema in boun ded by their cellular structure.对于功能式布局的一个可替代形式是单元化结构。