2019高考化学复习必备：高中化学方程式合集高中三年的化学方程式总结如下：金属氧化物1、低价态的还原性:6Fe+2===2Fe34Fe+4HN3===Fe(N3)3+N2+2H2Fe+4H++N3―=Fe3++N2↑+2H22、氧化性:Na22+2Na2Na2(此反应用于制备Na2)g，Al23几乎没有氧化性，很难被还原为g，Al、一般通过电解制g和Al、Fe23+3H22Fe+3H2(制还原铁粉)Fe34+4H23Fe+4H2u+H2u+H22Fe34+16HI==6FeI2+8H2+2I22Fe34+16H++4I―=6Fe2++8H2+2I2Fe23+Fe3Fe(炼钢过程中加入废钢作氧化剂)Fe+Fe+(高温炼钢调节含量)2Fe+Si2Fe+Si2(高温炼钢调节Si含量)3、与水的作用:Na2+H2==2NaHNa2+H2=2Na++2H–2Na22+2H2===4NaH+2↑2Na22+2H2=4Na++4H–+2↑(此反应分两步:Na22+2H2===2NaH+H22;2H22===2H2+2H22的制备可利用类似的反应:Ba2+H2S4(稀)===BaS4+H22)g+H2===g(H)2(缓慢反应)4、与酸性物质的作用:Na2+S3==Na2S4Na2+2==Na23g+S3===gS4Na2+2Hl==2Nal+H2Na2+2H+=2Na++H22Na22+22==2Na23+2↑Na22+H2S4(冷,稀)===Na2S4+H22g+H2S4===gS4+H2g+2H+=g2++H2Al23+3H2S4===Al2(S4)3+3H2Al23+6H+=2Al3++3H2Al23+2NaH===2NaAl2+H2(Al23两性氧化物)Al23+2H―=2Al2―+H2Fe+2Hl===Fel2+H2Fe+2H+=Fe2++H2Fe23+6Hl===2Fel3+3H2Fe23+6H+=2Fe3++3H2Fe34+8Hl===Fel2+2Fel3+4H2Fe34+8H+=2Fe3++Fe2++4H2含氧酸1、氧化性:4Hl3+3H2S===3H2S4+4Hll3–+3H2S=6H++S42–+l–Hl3+HI===HI3+Hll3–+I–=I3–+l–3Hl+HI===HI3+3Hl3Hl+I-=I3–+3H++l–Hl+H2S3===H2S4+HlHl+H2S3=3H++S42–+l–Hl+H22===Hl+H2+2↑Hl+H22=H++l–+H2+2↑(氧化性:Hl>Hl2>Hl3>Hl4,但浓,热的Hl4氧化性很强)2H2S4(浓)+2↑+2S2↑+2H22H2S4(浓)+S3S2↑+2H2H2S4+Fe(Al)室温下钝化6H2S4(浓)+2FeFe2(S4)3+3S2↑+6H2 2H2S4(浓)+uuS4+S2↑+2H2H2S4(浓)+2HBr===S2↑+Br2+2H2(不能用浓硫酸与NaBr制取HBr)H2S4(浓)+2HI===S2↑+I2+2H2(不能用浓硫酸与NaI制取HI) H2S4(稀)+Fe===FeS4+H2↑2H++Fe=Fe2++H2↑H2S3+2H2S===3S↓+3H24HN3(浓)+2↑+4N2↑+2H26HN3(浓)+SH2S4+6N2↑+2H25HN3(浓)+PH3P4+5N2↑+H25HN3(稀)+3P+2H23H3P4+5N↑5H++5N3-+3P+2H23H3P4+5N↑6HN3(浓足)+Fe===Fe(N3)3+3N2↑+3H24HN3(浓)+Fe(足)===Fe(N3)2+N2↑+2H2(先得Fe3+,在Fe过量时再生成Fe2+的盐)4HN3(稀足)+Fe===Fe(N3)3+N↑+2H24H++N3-+Fe=Fe3++N↑+2H230HN3+8Fe===8Fe(N3)3+3N2↑+15H230H++6N3–+8Fe=8Fe3++3N2↑+15H236HN3+10Fe===10Fe(N3)3+3N2↑+18H236H++6N3–+10Fe=8Fe3++3N2↑+18H230HN3+8Fe===8Fe(N3)3+3NH4N3+9H230H++3N3–+8Fe=8Fe3++3NH4++9H24Zn+10HN3(稀)==4Zn(N3)2+N2↑+5H24Zn+10H++2N3–=4Zn2++N2↑+5H24Zn+10HN3(稀)==4Zn(N3)2+NH4N3+3H24Zn+10H++N3–=4Zn2++NH4++5H22、还原性:H2S3+X2+H2===H2S4+2HX(X表示l2,Br2,I2)H2S3+X2+H2=4H++S42-+X–2H2S3+2==2H2S42H2S3+2=4H++S42-H2S3+H22===H2S4+H2H2S3+H22=2H++S42–+H25H2S3+2n4===2nS4+2S4+2H2S4+3H25H2S3+2n4–=2n2++4H++3S42–+3H2H2S3+2Fel3+H2===H2S4+2Fel2+2HlH2S3+2Fe3++H2=4H++2Fe2++S42–3、酸性:H2S4(浓)+aF2aS4+2HF↑(不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸)H2S4(浓)+NalNaHS4+Hl↑(不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸) H2S4(浓)+2NalNa2S4+2Hl↑(不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸) H2S4(浓)+NaN3NaHS4+HN3↑(不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸) 3H2S4(浓)+a3(P4)23aS4+2H3P4(强酸制弱酸酸)2H2S4(浓)+a3(P4)22aS4+a(H2P4)2(工业制磷肥)3HN3+Ag3P4==H3P4+3AgN33H++Ag3P4=H3P4+3Ag+2HN3+a3==a(N3)2+H2+2↑2H++a3=a2++H2+2↑(用HN3和浓H2S4不能制备H2S，HI，HBr，S2等还原性气体) 4H3P4+a3(P4)23a(H2P4)2(重钙)H3P4(浓)+NaBrNaH2P4+HBr↑(不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸,磷酸是非氧化性酸)H3P4(浓)+NaINaH2P4+HI↑4、不稳定性：2Hl2Hl+2↑(保存在棕色瓶中)4HN34N2↑+2↑+2H2(保存在棕色瓶中)H2S3H2+S2↑(在加热或酸性条件下分解)H23H2+2↑(在加热或酸性条件下分解)H4Si4H2Si3+H2H2Si3Si2↓+H2H2S23H2+S↓+S2↑(在加热或酸性条件下分解)碱1、低价态的还原性：4Fe(H)2+2+2H2===4Fe(H)32、与酸性物质的作用：2NaH+S2(少量)==Na2S3+H2H–+S2=S32–+H2NaH+S2(足)==NaHS3H-+S2(足)=HS3–2NaH+Si2==Na2Si3+H2H-+Si2=Si32–+H22NaH+Al23==2NaAl2+H22H-+Al23=2Al2–+H22H+l2==l+l+H2l2+2H–=l–+l–+H2NaH+Hl==Nal+H2H++H=H2NaH+H2S(足)==NaHS+H2H–+H2S=HS–+H22NaH+H2S(少量)==Na2S+2H22H–+H2S=S2–+2H23NaH+All3==Al(H)3↓+3Nal3H–+Al3+=Al(H)3↓NaH+Al(H)3==NaAl2+2H2(All3和Al(H)3哪个酸性强?) H–+Al(H)3=Al2–+2H2a(H)2+2NH4l2al2+2NH3↑+2H2(实验室制NH3)NaH+NH4lNal+NH3↑+H2g(H)2+2NH4l==gl2+2NH3H2(Al(H)3+NH4l不溶解)Ba(H)2+H2S4==BaS4↓+2H22H++2H–+Ba2++S42–=BaS4↓2H23、不稳定性:g(H)2g+H22Al(H)3Al23+3H22Fe(H)3Fe23+3H2u(H)2u+H22AgH==Ag2+H2水解反应方程式1、单水解---可逆水解NH4l+H2NH3H2+HlNH4++H2H++NH3H2Fel3+3H2Fe(H)3+3HlFe3++3H2Fe(H)3+3H+All3+3H2Al(H)3+3HlAl3++3H2Al(H)3+3H+uS4+2H2u(H)2+H2S4(金属活动顺序表中g2+以后的阳离子均水解)NaH3+H2H23+NaH(NaHS4不水解，NaHS3电离大于水解)Na23+H2NaH3+NaH32-+H2H3-+H–NaH3+H2H23+NaH(第一步远远大于第二步，二步不能叠加)Na2S3+H2NaHS3+NaHS32-+H2HS3-+H–NaHS3+H2H2S3+NaH(第一步远远大于第二步，二步不能叠加) HS3-+H2H2S3+H-Na2S+H2NaHS+NaHS2-+H2HS-+H–NaHS+H2H2S+NaH(第一步远远大于第二步，二步不能叠加)HS-+H2H2S+H-Na3P4+H2Na2HP4+NaHP43-+H2HP42-+H–Na2HP4+H2NaH2P4+NaHHP42-+H2H2P4-+H–NaH2P4+H2H3P4+NaHH2P4-+H2H3P4+H–H3Na+H2H3H+NaHH3-+H2H3H+H–6H5Na+H26H5H+NaH6H5-+H26H5H+H–2、双水解H3NH4+H2H3H+NH3H2NH4F+H2HF+NH3H2Al2S3+6H2==Al(H)3↓+H2S↑(隔绝空气，密封保存)g3N2+6H2==g(H)2↓+NH3↑(隔绝空气，密封保存)Na3P+3H2==3NaH+PH3↑(隔绝空气，密封保存)Zn3P2+6H2==Zn(H)2↓+PH3↑(Zn3P2一种老鼠药，PH3剧毒神经毒剂)a2+2H2==a(H)3↓+2H2↑(隔绝空气，密封保存)2H5Na+H2==2H5H+NaH电解及电极方程式1、电解质溶液在惰性电极条件下，或阴极是较活泼金属电极，阳极是惰性电极条件下的电解2Nal+2H22NaH+H2↑+l2↑(-)2H2+2e-==H2↑+2H-或2H++2e-==H2↑(+)2l--2e-==l2↑2l-+2H22H-+H2↑+l2↑ul2u+l2↑(-)u2++2e-==u↓(+)2l--2e-==l2↑u2++2l-u↓+l2↑2uS4+2H22u↓+2↑+2H2S4(-)2u2++4e-==2u↓(+)2H2-4e-==2↑+4H+或：4H--4e-==2↑+2H24H24H++4H- 2u2++2H22u↓+2↑+4H+2H22H2↑+2↑(-)4H++4e-==2H2↑(+)4H--4e-==2↑+2H2中性电解4H24H++4H-2H2H2↑+2↑酸性水解：(-)4H++4e-==2H2↑(+)2H2-4e-==2↑+4H+4H--4e-==2↑+2H22H2H2↑+2↑碱性水解：(-)4H2+4e-==2H2↑+4H-或：4H++4e-==2H2↑(+)4H--4e-==2↑+2H22H2H2↑+2↑2、电镀：镀件作阴极，被镀金属作阳极，被镀金属的含氧酸盐作电解质溶液镀铜：uS4电镀液镀件(-)u2++2e-==u↓纯铜(+)u–2e-==u2+镀锌：ZnS4电镀液镀件(-)Zn2++2e-==Zn↓纯锌(+)Zn–2e-==Zn2+镀银：AgN3电镀液镀件(-)Ag++e-==Ag↓纯银(+)Ag–e-==Ag+镀镍：NiS4电镀液镀件(-)Ni2++2e-==Ni↓纯镍(+)Ni–2e-==Ni2+3、熔融状态下的电解：2Nal(熔融)2Na+l2↑(-)2Na++2e-==2Na(+)2l--4e-==l2↑2Na++2l-(熔融)2Na+l2↑2Al23(熔融)4Al+22↑(-)4Al3++12e–==4Al(+)62--12e-==32↑4Al3++62-4Al+32↑NaHF2(熔融)H2↑+F2↑(-)2H++2e–==H2↑(+)2F--2e-==F2↑2HFH2↑+F2↑盐1、氧化性：(在水溶液中)2Fel3+Fe==3Fel22Fe3++Fe=3Fe2+2Fel3+u===2Fel2+ul2(用于雕刻铜线路版)2Fe3++u=2Fe2++u2+2Fel3+Zn(少量)===2Fel2+Znl22Fe3++Zn=2Fe2++Zn2+Fel3+Ag===Fel2+Agl↓2Fe3++l-+2Ag=2Fe2++2Agl↓Fe2(S4)3+2Ag===FeS4+Ag2S4↓(较难反应)Fe(N3)3+Ag不反应2Fel3+H2S===2Fel2+2Hl+S↓2Fe3++H2S=2Fe2++2H++S↓2Fel3+2I===2Fel2+2l+I22Fe3++2I-=2Fe2++I2Fel2+g===Fe+gl2Fe2++g=Fe+g2+NaN2+NH4l==Nal+N2↑+2H2(实验室制氮气)NH4++N2-=N2↑+2H22、还原性：2Fel2+3l2===2Fel3(在水溶液中不需加热)2Fe2++3l2=2Fe3++6l-3Na2S+8HN3(稀)===6NaN3+2N↑+3S+4H23S2-+8H++2N3-=2N↑+3S+4H23Na2S3+2HN3(稀)===3Na2S4+2N↑+H23S32-+2H++2N3-=3S42-+2N↑+H22Na2S3+2===2Na2S4(Na2S3在空气中易变质)Na2S3+SNa2S23Na2S+l2==2Nal+S↓(在水溶液中)S2-+l2=2l-+S↓3、与碱性物质的作用：a(H)2+uS4==u(H)2↓+aS4↓(波尔多液)gl2+2NH3H2===g(H)2↓+2NH4lg2++2NH3H2=g(H)2↓+2NH4+All3+3NH3H2===Al(H)3↓+3NH4lAl3++3NH3H2=Al(H)2↓+3NH4+Fel3+3NH3H2===Fe(H)3↓+3NH4lFe3++3NH3H2=Fe(H)3↓+3NH4+uS4+2NH3H2(不足)==u(H)2↓+(NH4)2S4u2++2NH3H2=u(H)2↓+2NH4+u(H)2+4NH3H2=u(NH3)4(H)2+4H2u(H)2+4NH3H2=[u(NH3)4]2++2H-+4H2铜氨溶液uS4+4NH3H2(足)==u(NH3)4S4+4H2总方程式u2++4NH3H2=[u(NH3)4]2++4H2铜氨溶液AgN3+NH3H2==AgH↓+NH4N32AgH=Ag2(灰黑色)+H2 Ag2+4NH3H2=2[Ag(NH3)2]++2H-+3H2银氨溶液AgN3+2NH3H2==Ag(NH3)2N3+2H2Ag++2NH3H2=[Ag(NH3)2]++2H2总方程式ZnS4+2NH3H2(不足)==Zn(H)2↓+(NH4)2S4Zn2++2NH3H2=Zn(H)2↓+2NH4+Zn(H)2+4NH3H2=Zn(NH3)4(H)2+4H2ZnS4+4NH3H2(足)==Zn(NH3)4S4+4H2Zn2++4NH3H2=[Zn(NH3)4]2++4H2总方程式4、与酸性物质的作用：强酸制弱酸，或不挥发性酸制挥发性酸Na3P4+2Hl===Na2HP4+2NalP43-+2H+=H2P4-Na2HP4+Hl===NaH2P4+NalHP42-+H+=H2P4-NaH2P4+Hl===H3P4+NalH2P4-+H+=H3P4Na23+Hl===NaH3+Nal32-+H+=H3-NaH3+Hl===Nal+H2+2↑H3-+H+=2↑+H23Na23+2All3+3H2==2Al(H)3↓+32↑+6Nal(物质之间的双水解反应)332-+2Al3++3H2=2Al(H)3↓+32↑3Na23+2Fel3+3H2===2Fe(H)3↓+32+6Nal(物质之间的双水解反应)332-+2Fe3++3H2=2Fe(H)3↓+32↑3NaH3+All3===Al(H)3↓+32↑(物质之间的双水解反应)3H3-+Al3+=2Al(H)3↓+32↑3NaH3+Fel3===Fe(H)3↓+32↑(物质之间的双水解反应)3H3-+Fe3+=2Fe(H)3↓+32↑3Na2S+Al2(S4)3+6H2===2Al(H)3↓+3H2S↑(物质之间的双水解反应)3S2-+2Al3++3H2=2Al(H)3↓+3H2S↑3NaAl2+All3+6H2==4Al(H)3↓+3Nal(物质之间的双水解反应) 3Al2-+Al3++6H2=4Al(H)3↓3NaAl2+Fel3+6H2==3Al(H)3↓+Fe(H)3↓+3Nal3Al2-+Fe3++6H2=3Al(H)3↓+Fe(H)3↓NaAl2+NH4l+2H2==Al(H)3↓+NH3H2+NalAl2-+NH4++2H2=Al(H)3↓+NH3H2Na23+H2+2===2NaH332-+H2+2=2H3-Na23+H2+2S2==2NaHS3+2↑(1:2)32-+H2+2S2=2HS3-+2↑2Na23(足)+H2+S2==Na2S3+2NaH3(2中的S2不能用Na23洗气) 232-+H2+S2=S32-+2H3-(2:1)Na23+S2==Na2S3+2(1:1)32-+S2=S32-+2NaH3+S2===NaHS3+2(2中的S2可能用NaH3洗气)2H3-+S2=2HS3-+22NaH3+S2==Na2S3+22+H22H3-+S2=S32-+22+H2Na2Si3+2Hl===H2Si3↓+Nal或Na2Si3+2Hl+H2===H4Si4↓+2NalSi32-+2H+=H2Si3↓或Si32-+2H++H2=H4Si4↓Na2Si3+2+2H2===H2Si3↓+Na23Si32-+2+2H2=H4Si4↓+32-5、盐与盐复分解反应Na2S4+Bal2==BaS4↓+2Nal(沉淀不溶于盐酸、硝酸)S32-+Ba2+=BaS4↓Na2S3+Bal2==BaS3↓+2Nal(沉淀溶于盐酸,在硝酸中生成新的沉淀,沉淀不消失)S32-+Ba2+=BaS3↓Na23+Bal2==Ba3↓+2Nal(沉淀溶于盐酸、沉淀消失)32-+Ba2+=Ba3↓Na23+al2==a3↓+2Nal(NaH3不反应)32-+a2+=a3↓AgN3+Nal==Agl↓+NaN3Ag++l-=Agl↓AgN3+NaBr==AgBr↓+NaN3Ag++Br-=AgBr↓AgN3+I==Agl↓+N3Ag++I-=AgI↓3AgN3+Na3P4==Ag3P4↓+3NaN33Ag++P43-=Ag3P4↓uS4+Na2S==uS↓+Na2S4u2++S2-=uS↓Fel3+3SN==Fe(SN)3+3lFe3++3SN-=Fe(SN)3(血红色，用于Fe3+的特性检验) 6、不稳定性:Na2S23+H2S4===Na2S4+S↓+S2↑+H2S232-+2H+=S↓+S2↑+H2NH4lNH3↑+Hl↑NH4INH3↑+HI↑2HIH2+I2NH4INH3↑+H2↑+I2↑NH4H3NH3↑+H2+2↑2N32N2+2↑2u(N3)32u+4N2↑+2↑2AgN32Ag+2N2↑+2↑(保存在棕色瓶中)5NH4N34N2↑+2HN3+9H210NH4N38N2↑+4N2↑+2↑+20H2↑(硝酸铵爆炸反应) 2n42n4+n2+2↑2l32l+32↑2NaH3Na23+H2+2↑a(H3)2a3+H2+2↑a3a+2↑g3g+2↑电离方程式1、酸的电离(H2S4、HN3、Hl、HBr、HI、H3P4、HF、H2S3、H3H、H23、H2S、HN2、6H5H、HN、Hl)H2S4==2H++S42-或：H2S4+2H2==2H3++S42- HN3==H++N3-或：HN3+H2==H3++N3-(以下雷同) Hl==H++lHBr==H++BrHI==H++IH3P4H++H2PH2PH++HPHPH++PHFH++FH2S3H++HSHSH++SH3HH++H3H23H++H++H2SH++H++HN2H++N6H5HH++6H5-(苯酚不是酸，显酸性) HNH++NHlH++lH2H++H2H2H3++H2、碱的电离(NaH、H、Ba(H)2、g(H)2、Al(H)3、NH3H2)NaH==Na++HH==++HBa(H)2==Ba2++2Hg(H)2g2++2HAl(H)3Al3++3H酸式电离：Al(H)3H+++H2 NH3H2+2Ha(H)2==a2++2H(澄清石灰水)a(H)2a2++2H(石灰悬浊液)3、盐的电离(Nal、Na2S4、NaHS4、Na2S3、NaHS3、gS4、aS4、Al2(S4)3、uS4、All3、AgN3、H3Na、NH4N3、Fel3、Na23、NaH3、Na2S、NaHS、NaH2P4、Na2HP4、Na3P4、I、NaBr、Nal、Agl、a3)Nal==Na++lNa2S4==2Na++NaHS4==H++Na++Na2S3==2Na++NaHS3==Na++HS3-(错误书写：NaHS3==Na++H++S42-) gS4==g2++Al2(S4)3==2Al3++3uS4==u2++All3==Al3++3lAgN3==Ag++N3H3Na==H3+Na+NH4N3==NH4++N3-Fel3==Fe3++3lNa23==2Na++NaH3==Na++(错误书写：NaH3==Na++H++)Na2S==2Na++NaHS==Na++HS(错误书写：NaHS==Na++H+)NaH2P4==Na++H2PNa2HP4==2Na++HP(错误书写：Na2HP4==2Na++H++P) Na3P4==3Na++PI==++I―NaBr==Na++Br―Nal==Na++l―AglAg++(难溶、微溶物质在水中发生微弱电离)a3a2++(错误书写：a3==a2++)aS4a2++S(错误书写：aS4==a2++S)3、熔融电离NalNa++gl2g2++2Na22Na++2―Al232Al3++32―xx。