Lecture 5讲授题目：Word Formation Ⅰ所属章节：《现代英语词汇学概论》之第3章 计划学时：4 periods教学方法：传统讲授法参考资料：《英语词汇学教程》、《英语词汇学》 教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，学生对英语的构词法有初步了解，尤其是产出新词最多的三种主要构词法：词缀法、复合法、转类法。
教学重点：1) Affixation;2) Compounding;3) Conversion.教学难点：The above-mentioned word-formations.The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word-formation. There is a variety of means being at work now. The most productive are affixation, compounding and conversion.According to Pyles and Algeo (1982), words produced through affixation constitute 30% to 40% of the total number of new words; compounding yields 28% to 30% of all the new words; conversion gives us 26% of the new vocabulary. The rest of new words come form shortening including clipping andacronymy, amounting to 8% to 10%, together with 1% to 5% of words born out of blending and other means.Talking about word-forming patterns means dealing with rules. But a rule of word-formation usually differs from a syntactic rule. Not all the words that are produced by applying the rule are acceptable. For example, the existence of the actual English words unclean, unwise, unfair does not ensure the acceptance of unsad, unexcellent.Therefore, rules themselves are not fixed but undergo changes to a certain extent. For example, the Old English –th which is found in warmth, length, depth, width, derived from adjectives warm, long, deep, wide,but broad is no longer used to form new word broadth (※coolth)---(Quirk, et al 1985).By word-formation processes, we concentrate on productive or marginally productive rules. While applying the rules, we should remember that there are always exceptions.(在构词过程中，我们要注意到活跃性和边缘性问题。
必须记住，规则都有例外。
)1. Affixation (词缀法)Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-form or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation, for new words created in this way are derived from old forms.The words formed in this way are called derivatives. According to the positions which affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subclasses: prefixation and suffixation.1) Prefixation (前缀法)※Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.※Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. However, present-day English finds an increasing number of class-changing prefixes, for example:asleep, alike, alive (a- + v. →adj.) a- ( in, to, at, on)encourage, entrain, endanger (en- + n. →v.) en- (to put or get into)enlarge, enrich, enable (en- + adj. →v.) en- (to cause to be)belittle, becalm (be- + adj. →v.)bedazzle, bewitch (be- + n. →v.) be-(to make, tocause to be )deplane, detrain (de- + n. →v. )de- (to get off)postwar, postliberation (post- + n. →adj.)post- (after, later than)inter-laboratory, intercollege (inter- + n. →adj. ) inter- (between, among)These make up only an insignificant number in the huge contemporary vocabulary.The majority of prefixes are characterized by their non-class changing nature. Their chief function is to change meanings of the stems. Accordingly, we shall classify prefixes on a semantic basis into nine groups.1) Negative prefixesPrefixationOrderLiterateSymmetryGovernmentalRelevantProductiveBelievableVulnerableSaneRelatedAlignedMatureDisorderIlliterateAsymmetryNongovernmentalIrrelevantUnproductiveUnbelievableInvulnerableInsaneUnrelatedNonalignedImmature※Of this group, un- is by far the most productive and can usually replace in- or dis- with adjectives for actual use as in unreplaceable, unmovable for irreplaceable and immovable.2) Reversative PrefixesPrefixationCentralizePlaneInfectZipRegulatePossessPolluteDecentralizeDeplaneDisinfectUnzipDeregulateDispossessDepollute3) Pejorative prefixesPrefixation4) Prefixes of degree or sizePrefixationComputerCriticalConsciousNaturalSensitiveSimpleNumberStatementcultureMinicomputerUltracritic /hypercriticSubconsciousSupernaturalHypersensitive/ultrasensitiveOversimpleOutnumberUnderstatementSubculture5) Prefixes of orientation and attitudePrefixation6) Locative prefixesPrefixationViewConferenceContinentalGroundCastSpecificRacialShoreInterviewteleconferenceIntercontinentalForegroundTelecastTranspacificTransracialForeshorePrefixation7) Prefixes of time and orderPrefixation8) Number prefixesPrefixation⑨Miscellaneous prefixes:auto – (self):autobiography, autonomy, autonym.noe- (new): neoclassicism, neologism, neonatal (初生的) pan- (all): pan- European, panacea (万灵药), panorama (全景，全图).vice- (in place of): vice-president, vice- minister, vice-govemor 副州长2) Suffixation 后缀法Suffixation is the formation of words by adding suffixes to stems.Suffixes are of two kinds: class changing and class maintaining.Class-changing suffixes change the word class of the word to which they are added, e.g. –ity in electricity. Class-maintaining suffixes do not change the word class but changes the meaning of the derivative, e.g –hood in boyhood. Unlike prefixes, most of the English suffixes are class-changing.SuffixationThe classification of suffixesSince suffixes mainly change the word class, we shall groupsuffixes on a grammatical basis into1) noun suffixes2) adjective suffixes3) adverb suffixes4) verb suffixes1) Noun suffixesNoun suffixes may be subdivided into the following five kinds.Denominal nouns (来自名词的名词)Deverbal nouns(来自动词的名词)De-adjectival nouns(来自形容词的名词)Noun and adjective suffixes2) Adjective Suffixes3) Adverb Suffixes4) Verb suffixesFa lseSterileIntenseFatHorrorMemoryApologyFalsifySterilizeIntensifyFattenHorrifyMemorizeApologizeSome modern affixes 1. Mega-(very large)Megacity特大城市Megadestruction大毁灭Megagame大赛Megastructure超级建筑Megarich十分富有Megaversity超级大学2.Cyber-(automatic/computerized)Cyberculture电脑化文化/电脑化社会Cyberbrain电脑Cyberart电脑艺术/计算机技术Cyber-security 网络安全Cyber-space网络虚拟空间Cyber-privacy网络隐私Cyber-sex网络色情Cyber-punk网络高手cyberfiction网络小说3.Hyper-(super/too much)Hypermedia超媒体Hyperlinks超级链接Hyperfriction过度摩擦Hyperslow极缓慢的Hyperverbal说话过多的Hyperaccess超级访问软件Hypertext超文本Some modern affixes4. Info- (information)Infotech信息技术Infocenter信息中心Infotainment信息娱乐节目Infomercial信息商业化的/商业信息片5. nano- (one billionth)Nanotech纳米技术Nanofabrication纳米加工Nanocomputer超高速电脑6.techno- (technology)Technomania技术热Technophobia恐技术症Technocracy专家政治、技术专家治国制度techno-centric 以技术为中心的7. tele- (long-distance transfer/television)Telead电话约定广告Telebanking电脑化银行业务Telebus电话叫车/租车Telecenter远程计算中心Tele-education远程教育Some modern affixes8. E- (electronic)E-mail电子邮件E-text电子文本E-zine电子杂志E-cash电子货币9. Of- (office)Oftel办公电话Oflot公司内部停车场地Ofbank银行办事处Some modern affixes10. -bot (robot)Knowbot智力机器人Mobot移动机器人Microbot微型机器人11. –size (measurements)Downsize缩小Upsize放大Rightsize按比例制作life-size 按实物大小制作12. –nick (以…..为特征的人；参加…. 的人)Earthnick 地球人Computernick 电脑迷Peacenick追求和平者Jobnick 工作迷No-goodnick 不怀好意者13.-centric (of the center/taking…as the center)Male-centric以男士为主的Net-Centric War 网络中心战IBM compatible-centric以销售IBM兼容机为主的User-centric以用户为中心的 14. –ware (articles of the same kind)Glassware玻璃器皿Soft/hardware软/硬件Middleware中间设备Silverware银器Warehouse仓库15.franken- (转基因的；经过基因工程的)Frankenfruit 转基因水果Frankenfood 转基因食品Frankenplant 转基因植物2. Compounding (复合法/合成法)Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way are called compounds.So a compound is a ‘lexical unit consisting more than one stem and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word’ (Quirk et al 1985).CompoundingForms of compoundsSolid: bedtime, honeymoonHyphenated: above-mentioned, town-planningOpen: reading material, hot lineCompoundingTypes of compoundsNoun compoundsAdjective compoundsVerb compoundsCompoundingNoun compoundsHeadache, housekeeping, hot line, swimming pool, raindrop, breakdown, biological clock, identity crisisCompoundingAdjective compoundsWeather-beaten rocks, peaceloving people, everlasting friendship, adifficult-to-operate machine, a made-up story, an on the spot inspection, taxfree products, fire-proof dressCompoundingVerb compoundsFormed by back-formationh ouse-keep from housekeeperw indowshop from window-shoppingm ass produce from mass productionh en-peck from hen-peckeds poon-feed from spoon-fed.CompoundingVerb compoundsFormed by conversiont o blue-print, to cold-shoulder, to outline, to honeymoon, tosnowball, to chain-smoke, to sweet-talk, to job-hop.3. Conversion (词类转化法/转类法)The definition of conversion①Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. This is a method of turning words of one part of speech to those of a different part of speech.②Conversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certainword-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation(零位派生).ConversionMajor types of conversionNoun-verb conversionVerb-noun conversionAdjective-noun conversionNoun-verb conversionHe elbowed his way through the crowd.Problems snowballed by the hour.The newspaper headlined his long record ofaccomplishments.Kissinger got the plans and helicoptered to Camp David.Verb-noun conversionHe was admitted to the university after a three-year wait.This little restaurant is quite a find.It is a good buy.He took a close look at the machine.doubt, smell, desire, want, attempt, hit, reply, divideVerb-noun conversionPhrasal verb-noun conversionAdjective-noun conversionPartial conversionComplete conversionAdjective-noun conversionPartial conversionD enoting a quality or a state common to a group of person:the deaf, the blind, the poor, the woundedD enoting peoples of a nation (ending in –sh, -se, -ch): theEnglish, the Chinese, the Danish, the ScotchD enoting a quality in the abstract: a strong dislike for thesentimental, to distinguish the false and the true, from thesublime to the ridiculousD enoting a single person (converted from participles): theaccused, the deceased, the deserted, the condemnedAdjective-noun conversionComplete conversionA native, two natives, a returned nativeHe is a natural for the job.Tom is one of our regulars, he comes in for a drink aboutthis time every night.To them she is not a brusque crazy, but appropriatelypassionate.They are the creatives in the advertising department. Miscellaneous conversiona. Would you like a with or a without? 你是要这个，还是不要这个？b. His argument contains too many ifs and buts. 他的争辩托词太多。