心理学专业英语总结——HXY随意传阅·顺颂试安注释：1.“*”在书上是黑体字，但感觉不重要背了也没什么卵用2.“”背景色项表示答案恰好有三项，可能出选择3. 人名已加黑，可能连线或选择4. 每章节的末尾有方便记忆的单词表（只包括这篇总结中出现的关键单词）5. 方便理解记忆，已在各项下方注明中文释义6.“,”大部分都是作为点之间的分割，类似于逗号，前后不连成句子Chapter 1——Perspectives in psychology 心理学纵览Section 1: Approaches to psychology 心理学入门What is psychology? 心理学是什么Definitions: The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes.定义：对行为和心理过程的科学研究Psychology come from: ① philosophy, ② biology ③ physics.心理学来源于：哲学、生物学和医学When: 1879 as a separate scientific discipline.形成于：1879年，作为独立学科History (develop): structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviourism, cognitive psychology, humanistic approach, biological approach.历史发展：结构主义，机能主义，精神分析，行为主义，认知，人本主义，生理。
The psychoanalytic approach to psychology 精神分析理论Origins & history: Sigmund Freud, unconscious mental causes, treat as the causes of mental disorders, built up an theory.历史来源：弗洛伊德提出潜意识心理动机，把它视为心理疾病的原因，并建立理论。
Assumptions: unconscious processes, psychic determinism, hydraulic drives, psychodynamic conflict, stages of development.假设：潜意识过程，精神决定论，驱力（攻击、性），心理动力冲突，发展阶段Methods of investigation: case study (method), free association (tech), dream analysis (tech).研究方法：个案研究方法，自由联想技术，梦的解析技术*Areas of explanation: personality development, moral/gender development, aggression, abnormality, memory.可解释领域：人格发展，道德/性别发展，攻击性，异常，记忆*Weaknesses: unrefutable, theoretically unscientific.缺点：不可被其他事件驳斥，因此理论不具科学性The behaviourist approach to psychology 行为主义理论Origins & history: John Watson, empiricism, learning.历史来源：华生，经验主义，学习Assumptions: behaviour is learned from the environment, only observable behaviour should be studied.假设：行为来源于环境，研究可观察的行为*Areas of explanation: language acquisition, moral development, attraction, abnormality.可解释领域：语言习得，道德发展，吸引，异常The humanistic approach to psychology 人本主义理论Origins & history: conscious free will, aimed to investigate all the uniquely human aspects of experience, Maslow and self- actualise, Carl Rogers and client-centred therapy.历史来源：自由意志，人类特有的经验，马斯洛的自我实现，罗杰斯的来访者中心疗法Assumptions: study human not other animal, must be meaningful to human, study internal experience and free will, study the individual case, studied in their environmental context.假设：关于人的观点必须出于对于人的研究，研究应对人类有用，研究内部体验和自由意志，研究个案，研究应在具体环境下Areas of explanation: personality/self identity, motivation, abnormality.可解释领域：人格/自我认同，动机，异常The cognitive approach to psychology 认知主义理论Origins and history: computer, information processors, internal mental processes.历史来源：计算机，类比人脑为信息加工者，内部心理过程。
Jerome Bruner*Areas: memory, perception, attention, artificial intelligence, social cognition, cognitive development.可解释领域：记忆，知觉，注意，人工智能，社会认知，认知发展*Practical applications: memory, education, therapy, personality assessment.实践应用：记忆，教育，治疗，人格测评The biological approach to psychology 生理心理学Roger Sperry罗杰·斯佩里*Areas of explanation: gender development, aggression, abnormality, memory, motivation, awareness.可解释领域：性别发展，攻击性，异常，记忆，动机，意识*Practical application: localisation of function, therapy.实践应用：功能定位说，治疗The reductionism debate in psychology 关于还原论的争论1. Reductionism 还原论Assumptions: explaining a phenomenon by breaking it down into its constituent parts and then analysing it. 假设：通过将现象拆分成组成部分并分析的方法解释现象Against: ①oversimplification ②value of explanation ③validity of reductionism.反对理由：过度简化，解释的价值（细节/有用性），效度2. Holism & Interactionism 整体论（与互动论）Assumptions: the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. 假设：整体优于部分*Examples: humanistic psychology, social psychology, psychoanalysis, abnormal psychology, perception.例子：人本，社会，精神分析，变态，知觉Against: practical difficulty, ignore the huge influence of biology, lack the predictive power.反对理由：难于实践研究，忽略生理影响，缺乏预测力The nature-nurture debate in psychology 先后天之争1.Nature 先天遗传决定论Approach: ①roots of the approach(nativist philosophy, biology, evolutionary theory) 理论根源②causes of behaviour（genetic determinism, inherited influence,maturational blueprint, neurochemical and hormonal influences, brainactivity) （基因、遗传、个体成熟、神经化学与荷尔蒙的影响和大脑活动。
）③methods (gene mapping, twin/adoption study, brain scanning, brainstimulation/damage study, drug test)④implications (behaviour can only be changed through physical means)启示⑤criticisms (reductionist, neglect environmental influences) 过于简单，忽视环境对人行为的影响2.Nurture 后天环境决定论Approach: ①roots (empiricism philosophy, behaviourism, social psychology) 经验主义哲学、行为、社会②causes of behaviour（blank slate at birth, experience, learning fromenvironment) 源于经验和环境学习③methods (classical and operant conditioning techniques,manipulation of social environment)研究方法（经典条件反射、操作性条件反射，改变社会环境）④implications (Anybody could be trained to do anything) 启示⑤criticisms (reductionist, neglect innate influences) 过于简单，忽视遗传因素在人行为中的作用3.Both*Areas of explanation: perception, aggression, sex-role behaviour, abnormality, language acquisition.可解释领域：知觉，攻击性，性别角色行为，异常，语言获得*Interaction examples: perception, cognitive development, abnormality, sex-role behaviour.交互作用举例：感知觉，认知发展，行为异常，性别角色行为*The standing of the different: biopsychology, psychoanalysis, cognitive psychology, humanism, behaviourism.二者在心理学中作用：生理心理学，精神分析，认知，人本，行为The freewill vs. Determinism debate in psychology 自由意志理论与决定论之争1.FreewillAssumptions: humans are free to choose their behabiour, self-determining, softdeterminism(William James).假设：人类可以自由选择行为，人本质上是自我决定的，软决定论Against: difficult to define, evidence is mostly subjective, be incompatible with the deterministic assumptions of science.反对理由：很难定义，证据主观，与决定论的科学性不匹配2.DeterminismAssumptions: every physical event is caused, future events are entirely predictable, emphasis on causal laws.假设：所有物理事件都是被引起的，未来事件完全可以预测，注重因果法则Idiographic vs. Nomothetic approaches to psychology 心理学特殊规律与一般规律1.Nomothetic approach 一般规律研究法Definitions: The approach of investigating large groups of people to try to find general laws of behaviour that apply to everyone. 定义：通过调查大群体的人，试图找到适用于每个人的普遍行为规律的研究方法。