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Affixes
• Affix is a “collective term for type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.” Affixes, therefore, are considered bound morphemes.
•caps, classes : ※-s (plural) •-ion, -tion, -ation, -sion positional allomorphs of the same suffix 动词过去时态变化 –ed, -ied
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2.3 Classifications of morphemes
– The internal structural of words and rule by which words are formed. – A word is the smallest unit of a language that stands alone to communicate meaning. Structurally, however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into smaller meaningful units. Words are composed of morphemes.
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• Inflectional affixes
– Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes. – For example: cats, walked, walking, John’s book… – An inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree. – It does not form a new word with new lexical meaning when it is added to another word.
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• Roots, i.e., root morphemes
2.3.2 Roots and affixes
– A root is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. – work, workable, worker, worked, and working
• • • • One morpheme: nation Two morphemes: nation-al Three morphemes: nation-al-ize Four morphemes: de-nation-al-ize
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2.2 Allomorphs
An allomorph (词/语素变体)
• E.g.: earth, wind, boy, bite, etc
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• Bound morphemes
– A bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance; it must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound. – Inflectional elements and affixes are bound morphemes. – they have attached meaning (un-kind, hope-ful) or grammatical meaning (cat-s, slow-ly, walk-ing, called). They are also called grammatical morphemes.
– any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. Different forms of the same morpheme. (An allomorph is one of two or more complementary morphs which manifest a morpheme in its different phonological or morphological environments.)
Chapter Two
MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF ENrphemes 2.2 Allomorphs 2.3 Classifications of morphemes
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• Morphological structure of the word
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Morpheme Allomorphs Classification of morphemes Free or bound Root or affixes
Classification of words on the morphemic level Research question: 汉语中的语素/词素？词缀?
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• A root, whether it is free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word.
– E.g.: revive vital vitamin vivacious vivid
• each consists of the Latin root vit- or viv-, meaning “life” or “to live.”
hacker digg walker podcasting gawker
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2.1 Morphemes
• The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. • The morpheme denotes the smallest units or the minimum distinctive feature of some class of things. • A morpheme is also two-facet language unit which possesses both sound and meaning.
SUMMARY
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Review: about the morpheme
Give the English or Chinese for the following and explain.
博客 闪客 奇客/极客 维客 威客
blog flash geek wiki witkey
黑客/骇客 掘客 沃客 播客 搞客
• In general, there are two main types of classification of morphemes
– Free morphemes and bound morphemes – Roots and affixes
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2.3.1 Free morphemes and bound morphemes
• Free morphemes
– A free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning. – Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences, i.e., free roots(自由词根). – A free morpheme is a word, in traditional sense.
• Roots are either free or bound
– Free roots: In English, many roots are free morphemes, such as boy, walk etc. Free roots, just like simple words, belong to the basic word-stock. – Bound roots: Quite a number of roots derived from foreign sources, especially from Greek and Latin, belong to the class of bound morphemes, such as tain in words like contain, detain
– E.g.: contradict, predict, dictate, diction, dictionary…
• dict- conveys the meaning of „say or speak‟---
• A knowledge of roots can help one to analyze and understand many words almost on sight. • Knowing the meaning of these roots can help clarify the meaning of many English words.