StylisticsIntroduction to stylistics: Necessity of the course1) the ultimate aim: cultivation of creative thinking2) general education3) an interdisciplinary field of study—involves the combining of the two or more academic field into one single discipline4) the study and interpretation of texts from a linguistic perspectiveChapter 1 Style and Stylistics1.1 A T aste of StyleStyle is considered an important factor in writing, and is an important part of a writing course. But often people payFrom the perspective of the users of the language, style is speakers addressing different people in different ways.From the perspective of the function of the text, style is the functions of texts for different purposes.The definition of style used in this book is a general, linguistic-oriented one: Manners indicating prominent liguistic features,features of different varieties of language at different levels. Stylistics is an inter ‗disciplinary(跨学科的，学科间的) field of2.Spelling. → Graphology3.Words. → Lexicon4.Grammar. → Syntax5.Meaning. → SemanticsSound features:Pun双关: Using the same sound to express different meanings in the same context.1. Seven days without water makes one weak. 七天不进水，人就会虚弱。

weak和week是同音异义词。

因此这句话听起来可以理解为：Seven days without water makes one week2. Y ou earn your living and you urn your dead. 人们谋求生计，火化死者。

（首先）、（with）might and main (尽全力地)、saints and sinners （圣人与罪人）、（in）（无论是福是祸）Up above the world so high,Like a diamond in the sky!Twinkle, twinkle, little star,Waitin' for me /I 'aven‘t3.Words used in different contexts can result in different styles, such as ―spitting‖ and ―expectoration‖, ―die‖, ―pass away‖, and ―kick the bucket‖.4.Grammar:１.The change of active voice to passive2.The inversion of the sentence structures3.The use of it-construction4.The use of parallel structures平行结构Said the fly, ―Let us flee,‖Said the flee, ―Let us fly,‖省略句, simple sentences or complex sentencesThe meaning can also be manipulated to achieve a particular style, such as the personification of animals.1.3 Example 1:She did not even turn her head when she heard him[her son]come stomping into the kichen. She heard him pull up a chair, sit, sigh, and draw off his muddy shoes; they fell to the floor with heavy thuds. Soon the kitchen was full of the scent of his drying socks and his burning pipe. Tha boys hongry. She paused and looked at him over his shoulder: he was puffing at his pipe with his head tilted back and his feet propped up on the edge of the stove; his eyelids drooped and his wet clothes steamed from the heat of the fire. Lawd, that boy gits ma like his pa every day he livers, she mused, her lips breaking in a slow faint smile. Hols tha pipe in his mouth just like his pa usta hol his. Wondah how they woulda got erlong ef his pa hada lived. They oughta like each other, they so mucha likd.Example 2:At half-past eleven her husband came. His cheeks were very red and very shiny above his black moustache. His head nodded slightly. He was pleased with himself.―Oh! Oh! Waitin' for me, lass? I‘ve bin 'elpi' Anthony, an' what‘s think he‘s gen me? Nowt b'r a lousy hae f-crown, an' that‘s ivry penny.‖―He thinks you‘ve made the rest up in beer,‖ she said shortly.―An 'I 'aven‘t– that I 'aven‘t. you 'b'lieve me. I‘ve 'ad very little this day. I have an' all.‖ His voice went tender. ―Here, an' I browt thee a bit' o brandysnap, an' acoconut for th' children.‖He laid the gingerbread and the coconut, a hairy object, on the table. ―Nay, tha niver said thank yer for nowt I' thy life, did ter?‖1.5 The Scope of Study1. General StylisticsGeneral stylistics studies different varieties of language. For example, according to field of discourse, with the related functions of language used in different genres(文学作品类型), novels, poetry, scientific treatises协议条约, and legal documents.2. Literary StylisticsLiterary Stylistics studies variations characteristic of different literary genres----poetry, novels, drama, etc., with the purpose of promoting literary texts as communicative acts.3. Theoretical StylisticsTheoretical Stylistics studies the theories, the origin, the trend, and the historical development of stylistics as well asb) textual analysisC) contextual factors analysis2.1 Linguistic DescriptionLinguistic description refers to the exploration and classification of linguistic features of a given text.⏹A linguistic feature is shown by its consistency and relative frequency.⏹Linguistic description: phonology, graphology, lexis, syntax/grammar, and semantics.⏹Phonetics studies the characteristics of human sound-making.⏹Phonology studies the inventory of distinctive sounds and the patterns.2.2.1 The phonological categoryPhoneme: the basic unit in phonological analysis 音位，音素It is any of the units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another.一个语言系统中能够区分词义的最小的语音单位 E.G. pad, pat, bad, batsound pattern:Certain phonemes can be put together to form some patterns, and such patterns can be used to achieve stylistic effects (including alliteration, assonance, consonance, etc)Alliteration refers to the repetition of the initial sound, usually a consonant, or a vowel at the first position, in two or more words that occur close together.Example:Cold are the crabs that crawl on yonder hills.Colder are the cucumber that grow beneath…Alliteration头韵is used to link together words that are similar in feeling or thought. Here it seems useful to point out that in English there is an idiom‖as cool as a cucumber‖ which means ―very cool or calm‖.Assonance类韵refers to the use of the same, or related, vowel sounds in successive words.Example:Think from how many treesDead leaves are broughtTo earth on seed or wing…trees→ leaves → seedConsonance尾韵refers to the repetition of the last consonants of the words at the end of the lines. Example:1.The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,The furrow followed free.We were the first that ever burstInto that silent sea.2.Nothing lovelier than that lonely call,Bare and singular, like a gull,And three notes or four, then that was all.It drew up from the quiet like a well,Waited, sang, and vanishing, was still.头韵——breeze,blew. Foam,flew furrow,followed,free类韵——first,bust breeze,free,sea尾韵——free,seaRhyme includes end rhyme, para-rhyme, reverse rhyme and internal rhyme1.End rhyme/rhyme refers to a rhyme scheme in which the vowel and the final consonant keep constant while the initial consonant keeps changing.E.g. Mrs. WhiteHad a frightIn the middle of the nightSaw a ghostEating toastHalf way up a lamppost⏹Masculine rhym e单韵and feminine rhyme: Masculine rhyme: a rhyme only consists of a stressed syllable.THOU mastering meFeminine rhyme,Internal Rhyme中间韵E.G.Para-rhyme副韵:YReverse Rhyme倒尾韵final consonants keep changing.Example:Function of Rhyme:The general function of rhymes is to get the texts mo re organized and to bestow ‗music‘ to the text.2.2.2The Graphological CategoryPeriodPeriod typically occurs at the end of a declarative sentence. If period occurs in high frequency of occurrence, it often means that the text mainly functions to provide information, such as expositionor narration. But when a period is absent from a place it should occur, it can also produce some stylistic effect.Example:School‘s Out Cats run,Girls scream, Horses shy;Boys shout; Into treesDogs bark, Birds fly.School‘s out Babes wake Old man, Open-eyed; Hobble home; If they can, Merry mites, Tramps hide. Welcome.CommaExample:1.How, is, my, lit,tle, friend? How, is, my, lit,tle, friend.2.syllable refers to a word or part of a wordwhich contains a single vowel sound. 一个元音可构成一个音节，一个元音和一个或几个辅音音素结合也可以构成一个音节.但英语辅音字母中有 4 个辅音[m]，[n]，[ng]，[l]是响音，它们和辅音音素结合，也可构成音节。